Devices, system and method to control the delivery of oral medications to ensure they are efficacious, taken as prescribed, and to avoid unwanted side effects

ABSTRACT

The present invention describes a novel system, drug delivery device, mobile App, drug specific drug dispensing algorithm, and method to improve medication safety and effectiveness via the utilization of drug specific algorithms to control drug dispensing, avoid drug mediated adverse events, ensure prescription persistence and promote prescription compliance on a cost-effective real-time basis.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/751,371 filed on Feb. 8, 2018, which is a national stage entry of International Application No. PCT/US2016/046491, filed on Aug. 11, 2016, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/203,638 filed on Aug. 11, 2015 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/252,966 filed on Nov. 9, 2015; which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to the full extent permitted by law.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to a novel system to improve medication safety and effectiveness via the utilization of drug specific algorithms to control drug dispensing, avoid drug mediated adverse events, ensure prescription compliance and promote prescription persistence on a cost-effective real-time basis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Avoiding unnecessary medical complications or death by ensuring a drug is efficacious for the patient and that the patient is compliant and persistent with their prescription(s) represents a major unmet need and a trillion-dollar global market opportunity—this is larger than the global pharmaceutical industry. As an example, according to Express Scripts, the largest pharmacy benefit manager in the United States, only 25 to 30 percent of medications are taken per the prescriber's instructions (adherence) . . . and of those taken, only 15 to 20 percent are refilled per the prescriber's instructions (persistence). This lack of adherence and persistence is estimated to result in excess of $300 billion being wasted annually for the treatment of unnecessary medical complications in the United States.

Drug-related hospitalizations account for 2.4 to 6.5 percent of all medical admissions in the general population. A meta-analysis found a fourfold increase in the rate of hospitalization related to adverse drug events (ADE) in older adults compared with younger adults (16.6 versus 4.1 percent). A number of factors in older individuals contribute to their increased risk for developing a drug-related problem. These include frailty, coexisting medical problems, memory issues, polypharmacy, and the use of non-prescribed medications. Estimates indicate that 88 percent of the ADE hospitalizations among older adults were preventable, compared with 24 percent among young persons

Optimizing drug therapy is an essential part of medical care. The process of prescribing a medication is complex and includes (i) deciding that a drug is indicated, (ii) choosing the best drug, (iii) determining a dose and schedule appropriate for the patient's physiologic status, (iv) monitoring for effectiveness and toxicity, (v) educating the patient about expected side effects, and (vi) indications for seeking consultation.

Avoidable adverse drug events are the serious consequence of (i) inappropriate drug prescribing, (ii) changes in the patient's reaction to the drug over time due to lifestyle, other medications, other medical conditions, worsening medical condition, or changes in the patients overall well-being, etc., or (iii) addition of new prescription or OTC medications, vitamins, dietary supplements, herbal medicines (e.g., ginseng, ginkgo biloba extract, glucosamine, St. John's wort, echinacea, garlic, saw palmetto, kava, and valerian root), and/or recreational drugs, etc. Often, clinicians do not question patients about use of herbal medicines and patients do not routinely volunteer this information. Furthermore, most patients do not inform their clinician that they were using unconventional and/or recreational medications. A study of the use of 22 supplements in a survey of 369 patients aged 60 to 99 years found potential interactions between supplements and medications for ten of the 22 supplements surveyed. As a result, any new symptom should first be considered to be drug-related until proven otherwise.

Prescribing for older patients, who consume the most medications per capita, presents unique challenges. Premarketing drug trials often exclude geriatric patients and approved doses may not be appropriate for older adults. Many medications need to be used with special caution because of age-related changes in pharmacokinetics (i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and pharmacodynamics (the physiologic effects of the drug).

Larger drug storage reservoirs and decreased clearance prolong drug half-lives and lead to increased plasma drug concentrations in older people. Particular care must be taken in determining drug dosages. The proportional increase in body fat relative to skeletal muscle that generally accompanies aging may result in the increased volume of drug distribution. Decreased drug clearance may also result from the natural decline in renal function with age, even in the absence of renal disease.

The same dose could lead to higher plasma concentrations in an older, compared to younger, patient. For example, the volume of distribution for diazepam is increased, and the clearance rate for lithium is reduced, in older adults. From the pharmacodynamic perspective, increasing age may result in an increased sensitivity to the effects of certain drugs, e.g., benzodiazepines and opioids.

The use of greater numbers of drug therapies has been independently associated with an increased risk for an adverse drug event, irrespective of age, and increased risk of hospital admission. Polypharmacy is of particular concern in older people who, compared to younger individuals, tend to have more disease conditions for which therapies are prescribed. Approximately half of the patients taking drugs take two medications and 20 percent five or more. As an example, one study found that among ambulatory older adults with cancer, 84 percent were receiving five or more and 43 percent were receiving 10 or more medications.

The risk of an adverse event due to drug-drug interactions is substantially increased when multiple drugs are taken. For example, the risk of bleeding with warfarin therapy is increased with coadministration of selective and non-selective NSAIDs, SSRIs, omeprazole, lipid-lowering agents, amiodarone, and fluorouracil. A study found hospitalizations for hypoglycemia was six times more likely in patients who had received co-trimoxazole. Digoxin toxicity was 12 times more likely for patients who had been started on clarithromycin. Hyperkalemia was 20 times more likely for patients who were treated with a potassium sparing diuretic.

Periodic evaluation of a patient's drug regimen is an essential component of medical care. However, a survey of Medicare beneficiaries found that more than 30 percent of patients reported they had not talked with their doctor about their different medications in the previous 12 months. Furthermore, when these reviews are done, they often overlook OTC, supplements, herbal medicines and recreational drugs that are being taken by the patient.

Multiple factors contribute to the appropriateness and overall quality of drug prescribing. These include avoidance of inappropriate medications, appropriate use of indicated medications, monitoring for side effects and drug levels, avoidance of drug-drug interactions, and involvement of the patient and integration of patient values. Current measures of the quality of prescribing generally focus on one or some of these factors, but rarely on all.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention describes novel methods and drug dispensing devices, drug specific Apps, drug specific dispensing algorithms, and an integrated support center to ensure any oral medication taken by a patient is efficacious; is only dispensed as prescribed by the healthcare professional (e.g., physician, physician's assistant, nurse practitioner, pharmacist, etc.); is not dispensed if (i) the patient is trying to take the medication sooner than the prescribed interval, (ii) the algorithm deduces that taking the drug may result in an adverse event, even if it could be dispensed within the prescription's guidelines (iii) the drug is past its expiration date, (iv) the drug was not stored properly, e.g., within the right temperature and/or humidity guidelines, and/or (v) the drug batch has been recalled, etc.; and encourages the patient to continue taking the medication as prescribed. In this way, by increasing the drug's efficacy/safety profile, the dispensing system saves the healthcare system money by decreasing the number of interventions, physician's office visits, and hospitalizations—reducing the total cost of care.

The drug specific dispensing algorithm uses encrypted communications to control the drug dispensing device and to communicate with the patient and the support center. The algorithm uses the prescription information, dispensing device information, drug cassette information, patient self-assessment and/or digitally captured physiological, psychological, lifestyle, medications currently being taken, and/or environmental data in a novel drug specific diagnostic algorithm to decide if the drug dispenser should dispense the drug or keep the tamper resistant dispensing unit locked.

The novel drug specific App, which can be operated from a standalone drug dispensing device, interface device (smart phone, tablet and/or computer, or standalone drug dispensing device, etc. with Internet communication capabilities), reads and aggregates; (i) the drug information from the drug cassette, (ii) the devices serial number, operating, environmental and dispensing information from the dispensing device, (iii) patient self-assessment data from input screens on the standalone dispenser, smart phone, tablet, and/or computer, etc., and (iv) digital data generated by wearable devices, consumed, implanted, or injected diagnostic devices, monitoring devices, machines, instruments, gadgets, contraptions, apparatuses, utensils, implements, tools, mechanisms, and informalgizmos, etc.

The drug dispensing device is designed to automatically recognize the drug based upon the drug specific disposable drug cassette docked into the device. The cassette is marked to allow the drug dispenser to ascertain the name of the drug (brand and/or generic), the drug's NDC number, the drug batch number, and drug's expiration date, etc.

The drug dispensing device is designed to be water proof, tamper resistant, withstand being dropped and/or banged, operate and withstand hot and cold temperatures within defined temperature ranges, to be reusable and rechargeable, to have the drug cassette only docked or removed by a healthcare professional, to remain locked from dispensing unless the dispensing device receives an encrypted signal from the authorized smart App, and to dispense the drug with one click. The device, when interfaced with the drug specific App, transmits its serial number via a secure handshake with the App, reads and transmits the drug information on the drug cassette, transmits the current and historic temperatures since the last dispense, and the date and time the drug is dispensed. The drug dispensing device can be configured to dispense one or more drugs and to be controlled by one or more dispensing Apps, one App for each drug.

The multi-drug dispensing units utilize multiple drug cassettes (one each per drug) which are controlled by a consolidation App that combines the individual drug Apps into a single user interface to eliminate duplication of inputs and to facilitate one click drug dispensing for one or more medications. The handshake between Apps is controlled by the biometric security system.

The single drug App, as well as the multi-drug App, require biometric sign on by the patient and utilize a drug specific decision tree algorithm to make dispensing decisions. An encrypted sign on alternative may also be provided. No messages or further communication with the patient are required if drug dispensing is within prescribing guidelines and no potential adverse events are detected by the algorithm. However, if the algorithm decides to keep the dispensing unit locked and not to dispense, even if within prescribing guidelines, then a number of alternative messages are shown on the interface device (standalone dispensing unit, smart phone, tablet, and/or computer, etc. with Internet communications capabilities). These range from telling the patient that the next dose is not authorized by the prescription for a specified period of time to a message indicating that a dose, even within the prescription dosing schedule parameters, should not be taken without first talking with the integrated support center (which serves as a disease management center for patients) or the prescribing healthcare professional. The App facilitates calling the support center using a single click on the alert window.

The App uses the biometric sign on and encrypted communications with the support center to let them know if, for example, (i) the patient may be heading for an undesired event, (ii) that the prescription should be changed, (iii) the drug may have to be changed based upon efficacy concerns, (iv) the patient tries early dispensing too many times (depends on the drug type, e.g., opioids), (iv) appears to be following an abuse pattern, etc., (v) is not following prescribing guidelines, and (vi) is failing to take the medication, etc.

The App allows the patient to ask certain questions regarding when they took their last medication (or medications for multidrug dispensers), how much medication is left, when their next dose is due, the medications expiration date, and the drugs package insert information, etc. It further provides access to personalized analytical charts, some which may be downloaded from the integrated support center's servers or created by the App from the limited information stored by the App, to show how the patient's symptoms are affected when the patient takes a drug dose. This is designed to aid in patient prescription persistence and assist in reinforcing the importance of prescription compliance.

The integrated support center IT system stores authorized log on information, all App history data and enables the continual update of the App history on all the patient's devices where the App has been downloaded. The centralized servers are also designed to: (i) update individual App software as required, (ii) exchange information with authorized electronic medical records, (iii) to, on a real time basis, update the call center's disease management patient specific counselor screens, (iv) conduct metadata analysis on both the patient's individual data as well as analysis that may include information from the patient's electronic medical record, (v) carry out comparative patient analysis against metadata across a patient population with similar characteristics, etc. The analytical output is designed to assist the call center's disease management group in its counseling of the individual patient as well as any reporting and contacts with the patient's prescribing medical professional.

The call center IT systems are designed to allow the call center, via the patient's drug specific App, (i) to change a patient's prescription based on an authorized prescriber's instructions, (ii) to lock and unlock the dispensing ability on the individual drug dispensing unit based upon a discussion with the patient and/or his care giver, and (iii) to lock all appropriate dispensing devices that contain a recalled drug and to instruct the patient via email and/or voice messages to go to their pharmacy to get the drug replaced or to follow the recalling manufacturer's instructions.

The call center's disease management team uses metadata analysis as well as drug registry information, as requested by the prescribing medical profession, to assist them in developing the best course of therapy based on specific queries of the integrated support center's databases and any authorized related electronic medical records.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Advantages of embodiments of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the exemplary embodiments thereof, which description should be considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is an exemplary embodiment of a closed loop system controlled by a Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary embodiment showing a Drug Specific App which controls the Drug Dispensing Unit.

FIG. 3 is an exemplary embodiment of a Biometric Authentication screen.

FIG. 4 is an exemplary embodiment of Patient Self-Assessment Screens.

FIG. 5 is an exemplary embodiment of digitally available patient related diagnostic and physiological information.

FIG. 6 is an exemplary embodiment of a flow chart/decision tree used by the Drug Dispensing Algorithm.

FIGS. 7A and 7B are an exemplary embodiment of a flow chart of a standard prescription log in, Patient Self-Assessment and drug dispensing control.

FIGS. 8A-8D are an exemplary embodiment of the flow chart of the respective screens utilized to capture clinical trial data and to control the drug dispensing.

FIG. 9 is an exemplary embodiment of a Drug Dispenser.

FIG. 10 is an exemplary embodiment of a Drug Cassette.

FIG. 11 is an exemplary embodiment of Patient Self-Assessment Reporting Screens.

FIG. 12 is an exemplary embodiment of the Consolidated Therapy App and various Multi-Drug Dispensing devices.

FIG. 13 is an exemplary embodiment of the Centralized IT System.

FIG. 14 is an exemplary embodiment of an Integrated Support Center.

FIG. 15 is an exemplary embodiment of the design for a single drug Drug Dispenser.

FIG. 16 is an exemplary embodiment of how the Drug Dispenser's clam shell design is assembled for secure closing and opening.

FIG. 17 is an exemplary embodiment of the electronic schematic for the Drug Dispenser.

FIG. 18 is an exemplary embodiment of the placement of electronics and mechanical components on the outside and within the Drug Dispenser.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. Terms and Acronyms

Terms used in this document, AKA denotes terms used interchangeably:

Adverse Event (AKA: AE, Adverse Event, Adverse Experience, Adverse Drug Reaction, ADR, or Unexpected Adverse Drug Reaction) refers to (i) a medical occurrence temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, but not necessarily causally related, (ii) any response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in man for the prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the modifications of physiological function, (iii) an unexpected reaction not consistent with applicable product information or characteristics of the drug, and (iv) the unintended effect occurring at normal dose related to the pharmacological properties of a medication, etc.

Biometric Authentication (AKA biometric identification and biometric authentication.) The definition encompasses but is not limited to biometric technologies that digitally capture fingerprint, palm and full-hand scanners, voice, facial recognition systems, iris scanning technology, document readers, biometric software, and related services capable of wireless, mobile or stationary use to limit access to the Patient. In this document the term also incorporates any system, while not biometric, that allows access via the use of a Login Name in combination with a Password and/or any additional security information.

Consolidation App (AKA multiunit dispenser App) is an App designed to recognize other Drug Specific Apps resident on an Interface Device and then to consolidate the requisite Patient Self-Assessment screens into a single interface for the control and dispensing of multiple drugs.

Digitally Captured refers to Patient data captured by diagnostic or monitoring devices and stored in a machine readable format.

Dispensing Device refers to the Drug Dispensing Unit with a Docked Drug Cassette whose dispensing is controlled by a Drug Specific App.

Dispensing System is comprised of the Dispensing Device and the Integrated Support Center.

Docked refers to the Drug Cassette residing in the Drug Dispensing Unit.

Drug (AKA pharmaceutical, medication, medicament, OTC drug, supplement, or herbal remedy, etc.)

Drug Cassette is the disposable unit that contains a Drug to be dispensed over a defined period of time and/or days per the prescription instructions.

Drug Dispensing Unit is the device where the Drug Cassette is Docked and whose dispensing mechanism (lock, unlock, and dispensing) are controlled by a Drug Specific App.

Drug Specific App refers to an app that requires Biometric Authentication prior to a Patient being able to respond to Patient Self-Assessment screens which are used by the App's Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm to decide whether or not to signal the Dispensing Device to dispense the medication or to indicate to the patient and/or Integrated Support Center why the drug will not be dispensed.

Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm refers to the decision tree based algorithm specifically develop for each drug to ascertain if the drug should or should not be dispensed.

Electronic Medical Record (AKA EMR, Patient Medical Record, PMR, etc.)

Encryption (AKA Encrypted, Encrypted communications) is the most effective way to achieve data security. Access requires a secret key or password that enables decryption. Unencrypted data is called plain text; encrypted data is referred to as cipher text.

Expiration Date refers to the date after which a medication should not be taken.

Handshake (AKA Digital Handshake) refers to an exchange of signals between devices ensuring synchronization whenever a connection, as with another device, is initially established.

Integrated Support Center refers to a call center designed to provide patient support, disease management services and/or Dispensing Device support for patients, Prescribers, and/or payers.

Interface Device refers to the device (standalone drug delivery device, smart phone, tablet, computer, etc. with Internet communications capabilities) where the Drug Specific App resides.

Locked indicates the drug cannot be dispensed by the Dispensing Device until the Drug Specific App unlocks the Dispensing Device.

Metadata Analysis (AKA structural metadata and descriptive metadata) as used herein refers to the use of the organization of patient data to enable analysis of both individual and patient population data to ascertain how to best manage medication therapy on a drug by drug and patient by patient basis.

Patient refers to the individual that is prescribed and is taking a medication or medications. Examples include physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, etc.

Patient Self-Assessment (AKA patient-reported outcome or PRO) covers a whole range of potential types of measurement self-reported by the patient. Each self-assessment scale or question measures a single underlying characteristic(s).

Prescriber is defined as any healthcare professional authorized by an individual country to write a prescription for a drug.

Recall refers to a drug recall issued by the manufacturer or a regulatory agency indicating that a particular drug batch or drug should not be taken.

Tamper Resistant refers to a design that makes it difficult to change, open, remove the cassette, or cause damage to the unit by anyone but authorized persons.

II. List of Drugs, Drug Mechanisms of Action, and Diseases that Invention in its Various Embodiments is Applicable to

The invention and its various embodiments can enable the personalization of drug therapy, improve each drugs safety profile, ensure the continued efficacy of a drug for each patient, improve the quality of care, improve the patients quality of life by ensuring proper prescribing and prescription compliance, by promoting prescription persistence, and thereby decreasing the number of drug related medical interventions, and disease related physician visits and hospitalizations thereby decreasing the total cost of patient care. This Invention in its various embodiments is applicable to and by reference incorporates the drugs, drug mechanisms of action, and diseases listed in Table 1-Table 8.

Table 1 lists oral drugs with REMS programs. The listed approved drugs are encompassed in the embodiment of the invention by reference can benefit from an improved drug safety profile. The Invention mitigates prescription risk for the drug manufacturer and prescriber as it shifts the responsibility to the patient. The listing for each drug includes by definition each drug's respective indication(s), strength, dosage form, route of administration, side effect profile, drug interactions, etc.). In addition to Table 1, the embodiment incorporates by reference the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Approved Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) drugs listing.

TABLE 1 Oral Drugs with Required REMS Programs Antipsychotic Seroquel (Quetiapine) Pain Relievers Opioids Codeine Fentanyl and Analogs (Causing Overdoses) Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Methadone Oxycodone Oxymorphone Sedatives (Barbiturates) Amytal (amobarbital) Nembutal (pentobarbital) Seconal (secobarbital) Stimulants (ADHD) Adderall (Amphetamine) Methylphenidate Daytrana Concerta Ritalin Tranquilizers A. Benzodiazepines, Like Klonopin (clonazepam) Valium (diazepam) Xanax (alprazolam) B. Non-Benzodiazepines, Like Ambien (zolpidem) Lunesta (eszopiclone) Sonata (zaleplon) Others Chantix Revlimid Tracler Xeljans (Jak Compounds)

Table 2 lists the Paragraph IV Challenged Drugs that can benefit from the increased patent protection afforded by the drug/device (Invention) combination. The following approved drugs and the FDA's Paragraph IV Drug Product Applications: Generic Drug Patent Challenge Notifications list are encompassed in the embodiment of the invention by reference. The listing for each drug includes by definition each drug's respective indication(s), strength, dosage form, route of administration, side effect profile, drug interactions, etc.

TABLE 2 Paragraph IV Challenged Drugs BRAND GENERIC NAME Ampyra Dalfampridine Daliresp Roflumilast Angeliq Drospirenone and Estradiol Nexavar Sorafenib Tosylate Kuvan Sapropterin Dihydrochloride Pradaxa Dabigatran Etexilate Mesylate Tradjenta Linagliptin Thalomid Thalidomide Gabitril Tiagabine Hydrochloride Zohydro ER Hydrocodone Bitartrate Viibryd Vilazodone Hydrochloride Abstral Fentanyl Citrate Letairis Ambrisentan Lamictal XR Lamotrigine Zorvolex Diclofenac Zytiga Abiraterone Acetate Ella Ulipristal Acetate Xartemis XR Oxycodone Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen Doryx Doxycycline Hyclate Noxafil Posaconazole Tekturna HCT Aliskiren Hemifumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide Promacta Eltrombopag Olamine Gilenya Fingolimod Afinitor Everolimus Gleevec Imatinib Mesylate Brisdelle Paroxetine Tikosyn Dofetilide Hysingla ER Hydrocodone Bitartrate Suboxone Buprenorphine Hydrochloride and Naloxone Hydrochloride Latuda Lurasidone Hydrochloride Trokendi XR Topiramate Contrave Naltrexone Hydrochloride and Bupropion Hydrochloride Equetro Carbamazepine Minastrin 24 Fe Norethindrone Acetate and Ethinyl Estradiol and Ferrous Fumarate

Table 3: Marketed Drugs lists approved drugs which are encompassed in the embodiment of the invention by reference. Drug compounds of interest are also listed in: Goodman & Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th Ed) (Goodman et al. eds) (McGraw-Hill) (2011); and 2015 Physician's Desk Reference which are also encompassed in the embodiment of the invention by reference. The listing for each drug includes by definition each drug's respective indication(s), strength, dosage form, route of administration, side effect profile, drug interactions, etc.

TABLE 3 Marketed Drug Abilify (aripiprazole) Abraxane (paclitaxel protein-bound particles for injectable suspension) ABREVA (docosanol) Abstral (fentanyl sublingual tablets) Abthrax (raxibacumab) Accolate Accretropin (somatropin rDNA Original) Aciphex (rabeprazole sodium) Actemra (ocilizumab) Actemra (tocilizumab) Actiq Activella (Estradiol/Norethindrone Acetate) Tablets Actonel ACTOplus met (pioglitazone hydrochloride and metformin hydrochloride) ACTOS Acular (ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution) 0.5% Acuvail (ketorolac tromethamine) Acyclovir Capsules Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin) Adcirca (tadalafil) Adderall (mixed salts of a single-entity amphetamine) Adderall XR Addyi (flibanserin) Adempas (riociguat) Advicor (extended-release niacin/lovastatin) Afinitor (everolimus) Afrezza (insulin human) Inhalation Powder Agenerase (amprenavir) Aggrenox Agrylin (anagrelide HCL) AK-Con-A (naphazoline ophthalmic) Akten (lidocaine hydrochloride) Akynzeo (netupitant and palonosetron) Alamast Albenza (albendazole) Aldara (imiquimod) Aldurazyme (laronidase) Alesse (100 mcg levonorgestrel/20 mcg ethinyl estradiol tablets) Alimta (pemetrexed for injection) Alinia (nitazoxanide) Allegra (fexofenadine hydrochloride) Allegra-D Alora Aloxi (palonosetron) Alphagan (brimonidine) AlphaNine SD Coagulation Factor IX (Human) Alprolix [Coagulation Factor IX (Recombinant), Fc Fusion Protein] Alrex Altabax (retapamulin) Altocor (lovastatin) Extended-Release Tablets Alvesco (ciclesonide) Amaryl (Glimepiride) Amerge Amevive (alefacept) Amitiza (lubiprostone) Amoxil (amoxicillin) Ampyra (dalfampridine) Amrix (cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride extended release) Amturnide (aliskiren + amlodipine + hydrochlorothiazide) Androderm (Testosterone Transdermal System) AndroGel testosterone gel AneuVysion Assay Anexsia Angiomax (bivalirudin) Anoro Ellipta (umeclidinium and vilanterol inhalation powder) Antizol Injection Anturol (oxybutynin) Gel Anzemet Aphthasol Aplenzin (bupropion hydrobromide) Apokyn (apomorphine hydrochloride) Apthasol (Amlexanox) Aptiom (eslicarbazepine acetate) Aptivus (tipranavir) Arava Arcapta (indacaterol maleate inhalation powder) Aredia (pamidronate disodium for injection) Arestin (minocycline hydrochloride) Argatroban Injection ARICEPT (donepezil hydrochloride) Arimidex (anastrozole) Arixtra Amuity Ellipta (fluticasone furoate inhalation powder) Aromasin Tablets Arranon (nelarabine) Arthrotec Arzerra (ofatumumab) Asacol (mesalamine) Astelin nasal spray Astepro (azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray) Atacand (candesartan cilexetil) Atracurium Besylate Injection Atridox Atrovent (ipratropium bromide) Atryn (antithrombin recombinant lyophilized powder for reconstitution) Aubagio (teriflunomide) Augmentin (amoxicillin/clavulanate) Auryxia (Ferric citrate) Avandamet (rosiglitazone maleate and metformin HCl) Avandia (rosiglitazone maleate) Avastin (bevacizumab) Aveed (testosterone undecanoate) injection Avelox I.V. (moxifloxacin hydrochloride) Avinza (morphine sulfate) Avita Gel Avonex (Interferon Beta 1-A) Avycaz (ceftazidime-avibactam) Axert (almotriptan malate) tablets Axid AR (nizatidine Axona (caprylidene) AzaSite (azithromycin) Azmacort (triamcinolone acetonide) Inhalation Aerosol Azor (amlodipine besylate; olmesartan medoxomil) Azulfidine EN-tabs Tablets (sulfasalazine delayed release tablets, USP) Bactroban Cream Bactroban Nasal 2% (mupirocin calcium ointment) Banzel (rufinamide) Baraclude (entecavir) Baycol (cerivastatin sodium) Bayer Extra Strength Asprin Beleodaq (belinostat) Belsomra (suvorexant) Belviq (lorcaserin hydrochloride) BeneFIX (coagulation Factor IX (recombinant)) Benicar Benlysta (belimumab) Benzamycin (erythromycin 3%-benzoyl peroxide 5% topical gel) Bepreve (bepotastine besilate ophthalmic solution) Berinert (C1 Esterase Inhibitor (Human)) Besivance (besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension) Betapace AF Tablet Betaxon Bexsero (Meningococcal Group B Vaccine) Bextra Bexxar Biaxin XL (clarithromycin extended-release tablets) BiDil (isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine hydrochloride) Bio-T-Gel (testosterone gel) Blincyto (blinatumomab) Boniva (ibandronate) Bosulif (bosutinib) Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA) Botox Cosmetic (botulinum toxin type A) Bravelle (urofollitropin for injection, purified) Breathe Right Breo Ellipta (fluticasone furoate and vilanterol inhalation powder) Brilinta (ticagrelor) Brintellix (vortioxetine) Brisdelle (low-dose paroxetine mesylate) Bromfenac Brovana (arformoterol tartrate) BSS Sterile Irrigating Solution Bunavail (buprenorphine and naloxone) Busulflex Butrans (buprenorphine) Transdermal System Bydureon (exenatide extended-release for injectable suspension) Byetta (exenatide) Caduet (amlodipine/atorvastatin) Cafcit Injection Cambia (diclofenac potassium for oral solution) Campath Campostar Campral (acamprosate calcium) Camptosar Canasa (mesalamine) Cancidas Captopril and hydrochlorotiazide Carbaglu (carglumic acid) Carbatrol Cardizem (R) (Diltiazem HCl for injection) Monvial (R) Carrington patch Caverject (alprostadil) Cayston (aztreonam for inhalation solution) CEA-Scan Cedax (ceftibuten) Cefazolin and Dextrose USP Ceftin (cefuroxime axetil) Celexa CellCept Cenestin Cerdelga (eliglustat) Cemevit Cervarix [Human Papillomavirus Bivalent (Types 16 and 18) Vaccine, Recombinant Cetrotide Chantix (varenicline) Children's Advil (pediatric ibuprofen) Children's Motrin Cold Chloraprep (chlorhexidine gluconate) Cholbam (cholic acid) Cialis (tadalafil) Cimetadine Hydrochloride Oral Solution 300 mg/5 ml Cimetidine Hydrochloride Oral Solution Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) Cinryze (C1 Inhibitor (Human)) Cipro (ciprofloxacin HCl) Cipro (ciprofloxacin) I.V. and Cipro (ciprofloxacin HCI) tablets Clarinex Clarithromycin (Biaxin) Claritin RediTabs (10 mg loratadine rapidly-disintegrating tablet) Claritin Syrup (loratadine) Claritin-D 24 Hour Extended Release Tablets (10 mg loratadine, 240 mg pseudoephedrine sulfate) Clemastine fumarate syrup Cleocin (clindamycin phosphate) Cleviprex (clevidipine) Climara Clindamycin phosphate topical gel Clindamycin Phosphate Topical Solution USP 1% Clolar (clofarabine) Clomipramine hydrochloride Clonazepam Coartem (artemether/lumefantrine) Colazal (balsalazide disodium) Colcrys (colchicine) Combivir Cometriq (cabozantinib) Complera (emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) Comtan Concerta Condylox Gel 0.5% (pokofilox) Confide Contrave (naltrexone HCl and bupropion HCl) Copaxone Corlanor (ivabradine) Corlopam Corvert Injection (ibutilide fumarate injection) Cosentyx (secukinumab) Cosopt Covera-HS (verapamil) Cresemba (isavuconazonium sulfate) Crestor (rosuvastatin calcium) Crinone 8% (progesterone gel) Crixivan (Indinavir sulfate) Curosurf Cuvposa (glycopyrrolate) Cycloset, bromocriptine mesylate Cylert Cymbalta (duloxetine) Cyramza (ramucirumab) Cystaran (cysteamine hydrochloride) Dacogen (decitabine) Daklinza (daclatasvir) Daliresp (roflumilast) Dalvance (dalbavancin) Daptacel Degarelix (degarelix for injection) DentiPatch (lidocaine transoral delivery system) Depakote (divalproex sodium) Depakote ER (divalproex sodium) Dermagraft-TC Desmopressin Acetate (DDAVP) Desonate (desonide) Detrol (tolterodine tartrate) Detrol LA (tolterodine tartrate) Diclegis (doxylamine succinate + pyridoxine hydrochloride DR tablets) Differin (adapalene gel) Gel, 0.1% Dificid (fidaxomicin) Diltiazem HCL, Extended-Release Capsules Diovan (valsartan) Diovan HCT (valsartan) Ditropan XL (oxybutynin chloride) Doribax (doripenem) Dostinex Tablets (cabergoline tablets) Doxil (doxorubicin HCl liposome injection) Droxia Duavee (conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene) Duexis (ibuprofen and famotidine) Dulera (mometasone furoate + formoterol fumarate dihydrate) DuoNeb (albuterol sulfate and ipratropium bromide) Duopa (carbidopa and levodopa) enteral suspension Durezol (difluprednate) Dutasteride Dyloject (diclofenac sodium) Injection Dymista (azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate) Dynabac DynaCirc CR Edarbi (azilsartan medoxomil) Edarbyclor (azilsartan medoxomil and chlorthalidone) EDEX Edluar (zolpidem tartrate) Edurant (rilpivirine) Effexor (venlafaxin HCL) Effexor XR (venlafaxin HCI) Efient (prasugrel) Egrifta (tesamorelin for injection) Elaprase (idursulfase) Elelyso (taliglucerase alfa) Elestrin (estradiol gel) Elidel Eligard (leuprolide acetate) Eliquis (apixaban) Elitek (rasburicase) Ellence Elliotts B Solution (buffered intrathecal electrolyte/dextrose injection) Elmiron (pentosan polysulfate sodium) Eloctate [Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant), Fc Fusion Protein] Eloxatin (oxaliplatin/5-fluorouracil/leucovorin) Embeda (morphine sulfate and naltrexone hydrochloride) Emend (aprepitant) Enbrel (etanercept) Entereg (alvimopan) Entocort EC (budesonide) Entresto (sacubitril and valsartan) Entyvio (vedolizumab) Envarsus XR (tacrolimus extended-release) Epanova (omega-3-carboxylic acids) Epivir (lamivudine) Eraxis (anidulafungin) Erbitux (cetuximab) Erivedge (vismodegib) Erwinaze (asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi) Esbriet (pirfenidone) Esclim Estradiol tablets Estradiol Transdermal System Estratab (.3 mg) EstroGel (estradiol gel 0.06%) Estrostep (norethindrone acetate and ethinyl estradiol) Ethyol (amifostine) Etodolac Eulexin (flutamide) Evamist (estradiol) Evista (raloxifene hydrochloride) Evotaz (atazanavir and cobicistat) Evoxac Exalgo (hydromorphone hydrochloride) extended release Excedrin Migraine Exelon (rivastigmine tartrate) Exparel (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) Extavia (Interferon beta-l b) Extina (ketoconazole) Eylea (aflibercept) Fabrazyme (agalsidase beta) Famvir (famciclovir) Fanapt (iloperidone) Farxiga (dapagliflozin) Farydak (panobinostat) Faslodex (fulvestrant) Femara (letrozole) Femhrt Tablets FemPatch Femstat 3 (butoconazole nitrate 2%) FEMSTAT One Fenofibrate Feraheme (ferumoxytol) Feridex I.V. Ferriprox (deferiprone) Ferrlecit Fertinex (urofollitropin for injection, purified) Fetzima (levomilnacipran) Finacea (azelaic acid) Gel, 15% Finevin Firazyr (icatibant) Flagyl ER FLOMAX Flonase Nasal Spray Flovent Rotadisk Floxin otic Floxin Tablets (ofloxacin tablets) Flublok (seasonal influenza vaccine) Flucelvax, Influenza Virus Vaccine FluMist (Influenza Virus Vaccine) Fluzone Preservative-free Focalin (dexmethylphenidate HCl) Follistim (TM) (follitropin beta for injection) Folotyn (pralatrexate injection) Foradil Aerolizer (formoterol fumarate inhalation powder) Forteo (teriparatide) Fortesta (testosterone gel) Fortovase Fosamax (alendronate sodium) Fosrenol, lanthanum carbonate Fragmin Frova (frovatriptan succinate) Fulyzaq (crofelemer) Fusilev (levoleucovorin) Fuzeon (enfuvirtide) Fycompa (perampanel) Galzin (zinc acetate) Gardasil (quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine) Gastrocrom Oral Concentrate (cromolyn sodium) GastroMARK Gattex (teduglutide) Gazyva (obinutuzumab) Gelnique (oxybutynin chloride) Gemzar (gemcitabine HCL) Generic Transdermal Nicotine Patch Genotropin (somatropin) injection Genotropin (somatropin) lyophilized powder Geodon (ziprasidone mesylate) Geref (sermorelin acetate for injection) Gilenya (fingolimod) Gilotrif (afatinib) Gleevec (imatinib mesylate) Gliadel Wafer (polifeprosan 20 with carmustine implant) Glipizide Tablets Glucagon Glyburide Tablets Glyset (miglitol) Gonal-F (follitropin alfa for injection) Gralise (gabapentin) Grastek (Timothy Grass Pollen Allergen Extract) Halaven (eribulin mesylate) Harvoni (ledipasvir and sofosbuvir) Havrix Hectorol (Doxercalciferol) Injection Hepsera (adefovir dipivoxil) Herceptin Herceptin (trastuzumab) Hetlioz (tasimelteon) Hiberix (Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine; Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate) Horizant (gabapentin enacarbil) Humalog (insulin lispro) Humatrope (somatropin [rDNA origin] for injection) Humira (adalimumab) Hycamtin (topotecan hydrochloride) HyQvia [Immune Globulin Infusion 10% (Human) with Recombinant Human Hyaluronidase] Iamin Ibrance (palbociclib) Iclusig (ponatinib) Ilaris (canakinumab) Imagent (perflexane lipid microspheres) Imbruvica (ibrutinib) Imitrex (sumatriptan) injection and tablets Imitrex (sumatriptan) nasal spray Impavido (miltefosine) Incivek (telaprevir) Increlex (mecasermin) Incruse Ellipta (umeclidinium inhalation powder) Infasurf INFERGEN (interferon alfacon-1) Inform HER-2/neu breast cancer test Injectafer (ferric carboxymaltose injection) Inlyta (axitinib) Innohep (tinzaparin sodium) injectable Inspra (eplerenone tablets) Integrilin Intelence (etravirine) Intermezzo (zolpidem tartrate sublingual tablet) Interstim Continence Control Therapy Intron A (Interferon alfa-2b, recombinant) Intuniv (guanfacine extended-release) Invanz Invega (paliperidone) Invirase (saquinavir) Invokana (canagliflozin) Iontocaine Iressa (gefitinib) Isentress (raltegravir) Istodax (romidepsin) IvyBlock Ixempra (ixabepilone) Ixiaro (Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine, Inactivated, Adsorbed) Jakafi (ruxolitinib) Jalyn (dutasteride + tamsulosin) Januvia (sitagliptin phosphate) Jardiance (empagliflozin) Jentadueto (linagliptin plus metformin hydrochloride) Jetrea (ocriplasmin) Jevtana (cabazitaxel) Jublia (efinaconazole) 10% topical gel Juvisync (sitagliptin and simvastatin) Juxtapid (lomitapide) Kadcyla (ado-trastuzumab emtansine) Kadian Kalbitor (ecallantide) Kaletra Capsules and Oral Solution Kalydeco (ivacaftor) Kapvay (clonidine hydrochloride) Kcentra (Prothrombin Complex Concentrate) Kengreal (cangrelor) Keppra Kerydin (tavaborole) Ketek (telithromycin) Ketoprofen Keytruda (pembrolizumab) Kineret Kineret, anakinra Klaron (sodium sulfacet amide lotion) Lotion, 10% Kogenate FS (Antihemophilic Factor Recombinant) Korlym (mifepristone) Krystexxa (pegloticase) Kuvan (sapropterin dihydrochloride) Kybella (deoxycholic acid) Kynamro (mipomersen sodium) Kyprolis (carfilzomib) Kytril (granisetron) solution Kytril (granisetron) tablets Lamictal (lamotrigine) Chewable Dispersible Tablets Lamictal Chewable Dispersible Tablets Lamisil (terbinafine hydrochloride) Dermagel, 1% Lamisil (terbinafine hydrochloride) Solution, 1% Lamisil (terbinafine hydrochloride) Tablets Lamisil Solution, 1% Lantus (insulin glargine [rDNA origin] injection) Latuda (lurasidone) Lazanda (fentanyl citrate) nasal spray Lemtrada (alemtuzumab) Lenvima (lenvatinib) Lescol (fluvastatin sodium) Lescol (fluvastatin sodium) capsules, Rx Lescol XL (fluvastatin sodium) tablet, extended release Letairis (ambrisentan) Leukine (sargramostim) Levaquin Levitra (vardenafil) Levo-T (levothyroxine sodium) Levoxyl Lexapro (escitalopram oxalate) Lexiva (fosamprenavir calcium) Lexxel (enalapril maleate-felodipine ER) Lidoderm Patch (lidocaine patch 5%) Linzess (linaclotide) Lipitor (atorvastatin calcium) Liptruzet (ezetimibe and atorvastatin) Lithobid (Lithium Carbonate) Livalo (pitavastatin) Lo Minastrin, (norethindrone acetate, ethinyl estradiol, ferrous fumarate) Lodine (etodolac) Lodine XL (etodolac) Lotemax Lotrisone (clotrimazole/betamethasone diproprionate) lotion Lotronex (alosetron HCL) Tablets Lovenox (enoxaparin sodium) Injection Lucentis (ranibizumab injection) Lucentis (ranibizumab) Lumigan (bimatoprost ophthalmic solution) Lunesta (eszopiclone) Lupron Depot (leuprolide acetate for depot suspension) Lusedra (fospropofol disodium) Lustra LUVOX (fluvoxamine maleate) Luxiq (betamethasone valerate) Foam Luzu (luliconazole) Cream 1% Lynparza (olaparib) Lyrica (pregabalin) Lysteda (tranexamic acid) Macugen (pegaptanib) Makena (hydroxyprogesterone caproate injection) Malarone (atovaquone; proguanil hydrochloride) Tablet Marplan Tablets Marqibo (vinCRIStine sulfate LIPOSOME injection) Mavik (trandolapril) Maxalt Mekinist (trametinib) Mentax (1% butenafine HCl cream) Menveo (meningitis vaccine) MERIDIA Merrem I.V. (meropenem) Mesnex Metadate CD Metaglip (glipizide/metformin HCl) Metaprotereol Sulfate Inhalation Solution, 5% Metozolv ODT (metoclopramide hydrochloride) MetroLotion Metronidazole 1.3% Vaginal Gel Mevacor (lovastatin) tablets Miacalcin (calcitonin-salmon) Nasal Spray Micardis (telmisartan) Micardis HCT (telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide) Microzide (hydrochlorothiazide) Migranal Minoxidil Topical Solution 2% for Women Miraluma test Mirapex Mircera (methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta) Mircette Mirena (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system) Mirvaso (brimonidine) Mobic (meloxicam) Tablets Monistat 3 (miconazole nitrate) Monurol Movantik (naloxegol) Moxatag (amoxicillin) Mozobil (plerixafor injection) Multaq (dronedarone) Muse Myalept (metreleptin for injection) Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin) Myobloc Myozyme (alglucosidase alfa) Myrbetriq (mirabegron) Naglazyme (galsulfase) Naltrexone Hydrochloride Tablets Namenda (memantine HCl) Namzaric (memantine hydrochloride extended-release + donepezil hydrochloride) Naprelan (naproxen sodium) Nasacort AQ (triamcinolone acetonide) Nasal Spray NasalCrom Nasal Spray Nascobal Gel (Cyanocobalamin, USP) Nasonex Nasal Spray Natazia (estradiol valerate + dienogest) Natazia (estradiol valerate and estradiol valerate/dienogest) Natesto, (testosterone) nasal gel Natpara (parathyroid hormone) Natrecor (nesiritide) Nesina (alogliptin) Neulasta Neumega Neupogen Neupro (Rotigotine Transdermal System) Neupro (rotigotine) Neurontin (gabapentin) Neurontin (gabapentin) oral solution Neutroval (tbo-filgrastim) Nexavar (sorafenib) Nexium (esomeprazole magnesium) Niaspan NicoDerm CQ Nicorette (nicotine polacrilex) Nicotrol nasal spray Nicotrol transdermal patch Nitrostat (nitroglycerin) Tablets Nolvadex NORCO tablets (Hydrocodone Bitartrate/Acetaminophen 10 mg/325 mg) Norditropin (somatropin (rDNA origin) for injection) Noritate Normiflo Northera (droxidopa) Norvir (ritonavir) Novantrone (mitoxantrone hydrochloride) NovoLog (insulin aspart) Novolog Mix 70/30 Novothyrox (levothyroxine sodium) Noxafil (posaconazole) Nplate (romiplostim) Nucynta (tapentadol) Nuedexta (dextromethorphan hydrobromide and quinidine sulfate) Nulojix (belatacept) Nutropin (somatropin-rDNA origin) NuvaRing Nuvigil (armodafmil) Nymalize (nimodipine) Obizur [Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant), Porcine Sequence] Ocuflox (ofloxacin opthalmic solution) 0.3% OcuHist Odomzo (sonidegib) Ofev (nintedanib) Oleptro (trazodone hydrochloride) Olysio (simeprevir) Omidria (phenylephrine and ketorolac injection) Omnicef Omontys (peginesatide) Onfi (clobazam) Onglyza (saxagliptin) Onsolis (fentanyl buccal) Opdivo (nivolumab) Opsumit (macitentan) Oral Cytovene Oralair (Sweet Vernal, Orchard, Perennial Rye, Timothy and Kentucky Blue Grass Mixed Pollens Allergen Extract) Oravig (miconazole) Orbactiv (oritavancin) Orencia (abatacept) Orfadin (nitisinone) Orkambi (lumacaftor and ivacaftor) Ortho Evra Ortho Tri-Cyclen Tablets (norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol) Ortho-Prefest OsmoCyte Pillow Wound Dressing Osphena (ospemifene) Otezla (apremilast) Ovidrel (gonadotropin, chorionic human recombinant) Oxecta (oxycodone HCl) Oxtellar XR (oxcarbazepine extended release) Oxycodone and Aspirin Oxycodone with Acetaminophen 5 mg/325 mg OxyContin (oxycodone HCl controlled-release) Oxytrol (oxybutynin transdermal system) Ozurdex (dexamethasone) Pancreaze (pancrelipase) Panretin Gel Patanase (olopatadine hydrochloride) Paxil (paroxetine hydrochloride) Paxil CR (paroxetine hydrochloride) Pediarix Vaccine Pegasys (peginterferon alfa-2a) Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Pennsaid (diclofenac sodium topical solution) Pentoxifylline Pepcid Complete Periostat (doxycycline hyclate) Perjeta (pertuzumab) PhosLo Photodynamic Therapy Photofrin Picato (ingenol mebutate) gel Pindolol Plavix (clopidogrel bisulfate) Plegridy (peginterferon beta-1a) Plenaxis (abarelix for injectable suspension) Pomalyst (pomalidomide) Posicor Potiga (ezogabine) Pradaxa (dabigatran etexilate mesylate) Praluent (alirocumab) Pramipexole Prandin Pravachol (pravastatin sodium) Precose (acarbose) Premarin (conjugated estrogens) Prempro Prempro & Premphase (conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate tablets) Prestalia (perindopril arginine and amlodipine besylate) PREVACID(R) (lansopraxole) PREVEN; Emergency Contraceptive Kit Prevnar 13 (Pneumococcal 13-valent Conjugate Vaccine) Prevpac Prezcobix (darunavir and cobicistat) Prezista (darunavir) Priftin Prilosec (omeprazole) Prilosec (omeprazole)/Biaxin (clarithromycin) Combination Therapy Prinivil or Zestril (Lisinopril) ProAmatine (midodrine) Procanbid (procainamide hydrochloride extended-release tablets) Prochloroperazine Prochlorperazine Procysbi (cysteamine bitartrate) Prograf Proleukin Prolia (denosumab) Promacta (eltrombopag) Prometrium Propecia Proscar Protonix (pantoprazole sodium) Delayed Release Tablets Protonix (pantoprazole sodium) Delayed-Release Tablets Protonix (pantoprazole sodium) Intravenous Formulation Protopic (tacrolimus) ointment Provenge (sipuleucel-T) Proventil HFA Inhalation Aerosol Prozac Weekly (fluoxetine HCl) Pulmozyme (dornase alfa) Qnasl (beclomethasone dipropionate) nasal aerosol Qsymia (phentermine + topiramate extended-release) Quadramet (Samarium Sm 153 Lexidronam Injection) Quartette (levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol and ethinyl estradiol) Qudexy XR (topiramate) Quillivant XR (methylphenidate hydrochloride) Quixin (levofloxacin) Qutenza (capsaicin) Qvar (beclomethasone dipropionate) Ragwitek (Short Ragweed Pollen Allergen Extract) Ranexa (ranolazine) Ranitidine Capsules Ranitidine Tablets Rapamune (sirolimus) oral solution Rapamune (sirolimus) Tablets Rapivab (peramivir injection) Rapion Ravicti (glycerol phenylbutyrate) Raxar (grepafloxacin) Rayos (prednisone) delayed-release tablets Rebetol (ribavirin) REBETRON (TM) Combination Therapy Rebif (interferon beta-1a) Reclast (zoledronic acid) Rectiv (nitroglycerin) ointment 0.4% Redux (dexfenfluramine hydrochloride) Refludan REGRANEX (becaplermin) Gel Relenza Relpax (eletriptan hydrobromide) Remeron (Mirtazapine) Remeron SolTab (mirtazapine) Remicade (infliximab) Reminyl (galantamine hydrobromide) Remodulin (treprostinil) Renagel (sevelamer hydrochloride) RenaGelRenagel (sevelamer hydrochloride) Renova (tretinoin emollient cream) Renvela (sevelamer carbonate) ReoPro Repatha (evolocumab) REPRONEX(menotropins for injection, USP) Requip (ropinirole hydrochloride) Rescriptor Tablets (delavirdine mesylate tablets) Rescula (unoprostone isopropyl ophthalmic solution) 0.15% RespiGam (Respiratory Syncitial Virus Immune Globulin Intravenous) Restasis (cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion) Retavase (reteplase) Retin-A Micro (tretinoin gel) microsphere, 0.1% Revlimid (lenalidomide) Rexulti (brexpiprazole) Reyataz (atazanavir sulfate) Rhinocort Aqua Nasal Spray Rid Mousse Rilutek (riluzole) Risperdal Oral Formulation Ritalin LA (methylphenidate HCl) Rituxan Rixubis (Coagulation Factor IX (Recombinant)] Rocephin Rotarix (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral) Rotateq (rotavirus vaccine, live oral pentavalent) Rozerem (ramelteon) Ruconest (C1 esterase inhibitor [recombinant]) Rytary (carbidopa and levodopa) extended-release capsules Rythmol Sabril (vigabatrin) Saizen Salagen Tablets Samsca (tolvaptan) Sanctura (trospium chloride) Sancuso (granisetron) Saphris (asenapine) Savaysa (edoxaban) Savella (milnacipran hydrochloride) Saxenda (liraglutide [rDNA origin] injection) Sclerosol Intrapleural Aerosol Seasonale, Lo Seasonale, Seasonique (ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel) SecreFlo (secretin) Selegiline tablets Self-examination breast pad Selzentry (maraviroc) Sensipar (cinacalcet) Seprafilm Serevent Seroquel (R) (quetiapine fumarate) Tablets Signifor (pasireotide diaspartate) Signifor LAR (pasireotide) Silenor (doxepin) Simponi (golimumab) Simulect Singulair Sirturo (bedaquiline) Sitavig (acyclovir) buccal tablets Sivextro (tedizolid phosphate) Skelid (tiludronate disodium) Skin Exposure Reduction Paste Against Chemical Warfare Agents (SERPACWA) Sklice (ivermectin) lotion Soliris (eculizumab) Somatuline Depot (lanreotide acetate) Somavert (pegvisomant) Sonata Soolantra (ivermectin) cream, 1% Sovaldi (sofosbuvir) Spectracef Spiriva HandiHaler (tiotropium bromide) SPORANOX (itraconazole) Sprix (ketorolac tromethamine) Sprycel (dasatinib) Stavzor (valproic acid delayed release) Stelara (ustekinumab) Stendra (avanafil) Stiolto Respimat (tiotropium bromide and olodaterol) Stivarga (regorafenib) Strattera (atomoxetine HCl) Stribild (elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) Striverdi Respimat (olodaterol) Stromectol (ivermectin) Subsys (fentanyl sublingual spray) Subutex/Suboxone (buprenorphine/naloxone) Sulfamylon Supartz Supprelin LA (histrelin acetate) Surfaxin (lucinactant) Sustiva Sutent (sunitinib malate) Sutent (sunitinib) Sylatron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Sylvant (siltuximab) Symlin (pramlintide) Synagis Synercid I.V. Synjardy (empagliflozin and metformin hydrochloride) Synribo (omacetaxine mepesuccinate) Synthroid (levothyroxine sodium) Synvisc, Synvisc-One (Hylan GF 20) Tafinlar (dabrafenib) Tamiflu capsule Tanzeum (albiglutide) Tarceva (erlotinib, OSI 774) Targiniq ER (oxycodone hydrochloride + naloxone hydrochloride) extended-release tablets Tasigna (nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate) Tasmar Tavist (clemastine fumarate) Taxol Taxotere (Docetaxel) Tazorac topical gel Tecfidera (dimethyl fumarate) Technivie, (ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir) Teczem (enalapril maleate/diltiazem malate) Teflaro (ceftaroline fosamil) Tegretol (carbamazepine) Tegretol XR (carbamazepine) Tekamlo (aliskiren + amlodipine) Tekturna (aliskiren) Temodar Tequin Testim Testoderm TTS CIII Teveten (eprosartan mesylate plus hydrochlorothiazide) Teveten (eprosartan mesylate) Thalomid Tiazac (diltiazem hydrochloride) Tikosyn Capsules Tilade (nedocromil sodium) Timentin Tindamax, tinidazole Tivicay (dolutegravir) Tivorbex (indomethacin) Tobi Tolmetin Sodium Topamax (topiramate) Toprol-XL (metoprolol succinate) Torisel (temsirolimus) Toviaz (fesoterodine fumarate) Tracleer (bosentan) Tradjenta (linagliptin) Travatan (travoprost ophthalmic solution) Trazadone 150 mg Treanda (bendamustine hydrochloride) Trelstar Depot (triptorelin pamoate) Trelstar LA (triptorelin pamoate) Tretten (Coagulation Factor XIII A-Subunit [Recombinant]) Tribenzor (olmesartan medoxomil + amlodipine + hydrochlorothiazide) Tricor (fenofibrate) Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) Tablets Trilipix (fenofibric acid) Tri-Nasal Spray (triamcinolone acetonide spray) Tripedia (Diptheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Absorbed) Trisenox (arsenic trioxide) Triumeq (abacavir, dolutegravir, and lamivudine) Trivagizole 3 (clotrimazole) Vaginal Cream Trivora-21 and Trivora-28 Trizivir (abacavir sulfate; lamivudine; zidovudine AZT) Tablet Trokendi XR (topiramate) Trovan Trulicity (dulaglutide) Tudorza Pressair (aclidinium bromide inhalation powder) Twinrix Tygacil (tigecycline) Tykerb (lapatinib) Tysabri (natalizumab) Tyvaso (treprostinil) Tyzeka (telbivudine) Uceris (budesonide) Uloric (febuxostat) Ultracet (acetaminophen and tramadol HCl) UltraJect Ultresa (pancrelipase) delayed-release capsules Unituxin (dinutuximab) UroXatral (alfuzosin HCl extended-release tablets) Urso UVADEX Sterile Solution Valchlor (mechlorethamine) gel Valcyte (valganciclovir HCl) Valstar Valtrex (valacyclovir HCl) Vancenase AQ 84 mcg Double Strength Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength (beclomethasone dipropionate, 84 mcg) Inhalation Aerosol Vandetanib (vandetanib) Vaprisol (conivaptan) Varithena (polidocanol injectable foam) VariZIG, Varicella Zoster Immune Globulin (Human) Varubi (rolapitant) Vascepa (icosapent ethyl) Vectibix (panitumumab) Velcade (bortezomib) Veltin (clindamycin phosphate and tretinoin) Venofer (iron sucrose injection) Ventolin HFA (albuterol sulfate inhalation aerosol) Veramyst (fluticasone furoate) Verapamil Verdeso (desonide) Veregen (kunecatechins) VERSED (midazolam HCI) Vesicare (solifenacin succinate) Vfend (voriconazole) Viadur (leuprolide acetate implant) Viagra Vibativ (telavancin) Viberzi (eluxadoline) Victoza (liraglutide) Victrelis (boceprevir) Vidaza (azacitidine) Videx (didanosine) Viekira Pak (ombitasvir, paritaprevir, ritonavir and dasabuvir) tablets Viibryd (vilazodone hydrochloride) Vimizim (elosulfase alfa) Vimovo (naproxen + esomeprazole) Vimpat (lacosamide) Viokace (pancrelipase) tablets Vioxx (rofecoxib) VIRACEPT (nelfinavir mesylate) Viramune (nevirapine) Viread (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) Viroptic Visicol Tablet Visipaque (iodixanol) Vistide (cidofovir) Visudyne (verteporfin for injection) Vitrasert Implant Vitravene Injection Vivelle (estradiol transdermal system) Vivelle-Dot (estradiol transdermal system) Vivitrol (naltrexone for extended-release injectable suspension) Vogelxo (testosterone) gel Voraxaze (glucarpidase) Votrient (pazopanib) Vpriv (velaglucerase alfa for injection) Vyvanse (Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate) Warfarin Sodium tablets Welchol (colesevelam hydrochloride) Western blot confirmatory device Wilate (von Willebrand Factor/Coagulation Factor VIII Complex (Human) Xalkori (crizotinib) Xarelto (rivaroxaban) Xartemis XR (oxycodone hydrochloride and acetaminophen) extended release Xeljanz (tofacitinib) Xeloda Xenazine (tetrabenazine) Xenical/Orlistat Capsules Xeomin (incobotulinumtoxinA) Xgeva (denosumab) Xiaflex (collagenase clostridium histolyticum) Xifaxan (rifaximin) Xigduo XR (dapagliflozin + metformin hydrochloride) Xigris (drotrecogin alfa [activated]) Xofigo (radium Ra 223 dichloride) Xolair (omalizumab) Xopenex Xtandi (enzalutamide) Xtoro (finafloxacin otic suspension) 0.3% Xyrem (sodium oxybate) Xyzal (levocetirizine dihydrochloride) Yasmin (drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol) Yervoy (ipilimumab) ZADITOR Zagam (sparfloxacin) tablets Zaltrap (ziv-aflibercept) Zanaflex (tizanidine hydrochloride) Zantac 75 Efferdose Zelboraf (vemurafenib) Zelnorm (tegaserod maleate) Tablets Zemaira (alpha1-proteinase inhibitor) Zemplar Zenapax Zenpep (pancrelipase) Zerbaxa (ceftolozane + tazobactam) Zerit (stavudine) Zevalin (ibritumomab tiuxetan) Zingo (lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate) Zioptan (tafluprost ophthalmic solution) Ziprasidone (ziprasidone hydrochloride) Zipsor (diclofenac potassium) Zirgan (ganciclovir ophthalmic gel) Zithromax (azithromycin) Zocor Zofran Zohydro ER (hydrocodone bitartrate) Extended-Release Capsules Zoladex (10.8 mg goserelin acetate implant) Zoloft (sertraline HCl) Zometa (zoledronic acid) Zomig (zolmitriptan) Zonegran (zonisamide) Capsules Zontivity (vorapaxar) Zortress (everolimus) Zosyn (sterile piperacillin sodium/tazobactam sodium) Zubsolv (buprenorphine and naloxone) Zuplenz (ondansetron oral soluble film) Zyban Sustained-Release Tablets Zyclara (imiquimod) Zydelig (idelalisib) Zyflo (Zileuton) Zykadia (ceritinib) Zymaxid (gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution) Zyprexa Zyrtec (cetirizine HCl) Zytiga (abiraterone acetate)

Table 4 lists sample drugs and their side effects. The listed drugs and their side effects highlight a number side effects that can be used for the development of the Patient Specific Dispensing Algorithm. The following approved drugs in Table 4 and in the following marketed drug compounds and drug compounds in development are encompassed in the embodiment of the invention by reference. Marketed drug compounds of interest are also listed in: Goodman & Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th Ed) (Goodman et al. eds) (McGraw-Hill) (2011); and 2015 Physician's Desk Reference. Drug compounds in development that are of interest are also listed in: Cortellis™ Competitive Intelligence by Thomson Reuters; Adis R&D; and Pharmaprojects by Citeline. The drug The listing for each drug includes by definition each drug's respective indication(s), strength, dosage form, route of administration, side effect profile, drug interactions, etc.

TABLE 4 SAMPLE DRUGS AND THEIR SIDE EFFECTS Afinitor Common: Cardiovascular: Hypertension (tumors, 4% to 13%; kidney transplant, 30%; liver transplant, 17%), Peripheral edema (tumors, 13% to 39%; kidney transplant, 45%; liver transplant, 18%) Dermatologic: Acne (tumors, 10% to 22%; transplant, 1% to less than 10%), Eczema (renal angiomyolipoma, 10%), Rash (tumors, 5% to 59%) Endocrine metabolic: Dyslipidemia (kidney transplant, 15%), Hypercholesterolemia (tumors, 66% to 85%; kidney transplant, 17%), Hyperlipidemia (kidney transplant, 21%; liver transplant, 24%), Hypertriglyceridemia (tumors, 27% to 73%), Hypoalbuminemia (breast cancer, 33%), Hypophosphatemia (tumors, 9% to 49%; kidney transplant, 13%), Increased glucose level, All grades (tumors, 14% to 75%; kidney transplant, 12%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (tumors, 10% to 14%; kidney transplant, 38%), Decrease in appetite (tumors, 6% to 30%; transplant, 1% to less than 10%), Diarrhea (tumors, 14% to 50%; kidney transplant, 19%; liver transplant, 19%), Nausea (tumors, 16% to 29%; kidney transplant, 29%; liver transplant, 14%), Stomatitis (tumors, 44% to 78%; kidney transplant, 8%), Vomiting (tumors, 15% to 29%; kidney transplant, 15%) Hematologic: Anemia, All Grades (tumors, 41% to 86%; kidney transplant, 26%), Decreased lymphocyte count, All grades (tumors, 20% to 54%), Partial thromboplastin time increased (subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, 72%), Thrombocytopenia, All grades (tumors, 19% to 54%; transplant, up to 10%) Hepatic: Alkaline phosphatase raised (tumors, 32% to 74%; transplant, 1% to less than 10%), ALT/SGPT level raised (tumors, 18% to 51%), AST/SGOT level raised (tumors, 23% to 69%) Immunologic: Impaired wound healing (kidney transplant, 35%; liver transplant, 11%) Neurologic: Asthenia (tumors, 13% to 33%) Otic: Otitis media (renal angiomyolipoma, 6%) Psychiatric: Mental disorder (subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, 21%) Renal: Serum creatinine raised (tumors, 19% to 50%; kidney transplant, 18%), Urinary tract infectious disease (tumors, 5% to 16%; kidney transplant, 22%) Reproductive: Amenorrhea (renal angiomyolipoma, 15%), Irregular periods (tumors, 10% to 11%), Menorrhagia (renal angiomyolipoma, 10%) Respiratory: Cough (tumors, 20% to 30%; kidney transplant, 7%), Dyspnea (tumors, 20% to 24%), Sinusitis (tumors, 3% to 6%), Upper respiratory infection (tumors, 11% to 31%; kidney transplant, 16%) Other: Fatigue (tumors, 14% to 45%; kidney transplant, 9%), Fever (tumors, 15% to 31%; kidney transplant, 19%; liver transplant, 13%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Pericardial effusion (Transplant, less than 1%) Hematologic: Anemia, Grade 3 or 4 (tumors, 6.6% to 15%), Decreased lymphocyte count, Grade 3 or 4 (tumors, 1% to 16%), Hemorrhage (renal cell carcinoma, 3%), Leukopenia (tumors, 37% to 58%; kidney transplant, 3%; liver transplant, 12%), Pancytopenia, All grades (transplant, 1% to less than 10%), Thrombosis, Thrombotic microangiopathy (Transplant, less than 1%), Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Transplant, less than 1%), Venous thromboembolism (transplant, 1% to less than 10%) Immunologic: Infectious disease (tumors, 37% to 50%; kidney transplant, 62%; liver transplant, 50%) Neurologic: Seizure (renal angiomyolipoma, 5%) Renal: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (Transplant, less than 1%), Renal failure (renal cell carcinoma, 3%), Thrombosis of renal artery (transplant, 1% to less than 10%) Respiratory: Interstitial lung disease (Less than 1%), Non- infectious pneumonia (Up to 19%), Pleural effusion (tumors, 7%), Pneumocystis pneumonia, Pneumonia (renal cell carcinoma, 6%), Pulmonary embolism (PNET, 2.5%; transplant, 1% to less than 10%) Other: Angioedema (Transplant, up to 6.8%), Sepsis (tumors less than 1%; transplant, 1% to less than 10%) Ampyra Common Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (7%), Nausea (7% to 13%), Vomiting (13%) Musculoskeletal: Abnormal gait (5%), Backache (5%) Neurologic: Asthenia (7%), Dizziness (7%), Headache (7%), Insomnia (9%) Psychiatric: Anxiety (5%) Renal: Urinary tract infectious disease (12%) Serious Immunologic: Anaphylaxis, Hypersensitivity reaction Neurologic: Seizure Angeliq Common Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (3.6% to 6.5%) Neurologic: Headache (6%) Reproductive: Abnormal vaginal bleeding (3.6% to 14%), Pain of breast (3.3% to 17.9%) Serious Cardiovascular: Myocardial infarction Gastrointestinal: Disorder of gallbladder Hematologic: Deep venous thrombosis Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident Ophthalmic: Thrombosis of retinal vein Reproductive: Breast cancer, Endometrial carcinoma, Ovarian cancer Respiratory: Pulmonary embolism Brisdelle Common Dermatologic: Diaphoresis (1% to 14%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (4.9% to 16%), Diarrhea (7.9% to 19.2%), Loss of appetite (2% to 9%), Nausea (up to 36.3%), Xerostomia (10.8% to 20.6%) Neurologic: Asthenia (2.9% to 22%), Dizziness (6% to 14%), Headache (psychiatric conditions, 17% to 18%; menopausal vasomotor symptoms, 6.3%), Insomnia (11% to 24%), Somnolence (12.7% to 24%), Tremor (up to 14.7%) Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (2% to 7.8%) Reproductive: Abnormal ejaculation (5.8% to 28%), Disorder of female genital organs (2% to 9%), Erectile dysfunction (1.9% to 9%), Reduced libido (males, 6% to 15%; females, 0% to 9%) Serious Psychiatric: Depression, Exacerbation, Suicidal thoughts, Suicide Other: Serotonin syndrome Contrave Common: Gastrointestinal: Constipation (19.2%), Diarrhea (7.1%), Nausea (32.5%), Vomiting (10.7%), Xerostomia (8.1%) Neurologic: Dizziness (9.9%), Headache (17.6%), Insomnia (9.2%) Psychiatric: Anxiety (4.2%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Hypertension (3.2%), Increased heart rate, Myocardial infarction (Less than 2%) Dermatologic: Erythema multiforme (Rare), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (Rare) Endocrine metabolic: Hypoglycemia Gastrointestinal: Cholecystitis (Less than 2%), Hematochezia (Less than 2%) Hepatic: Hepatotoxicity Immunologic: Anaphylaxis, Delayed hypersensitivity disorder Musculoskeletal: Intervertebral disc prolapse (Less than 2%) Neurologic: Amnesia (Less than 2%), Seizure (0.1%) Ophthalmic: Angle-closure glaucoma Psychiatric: Depression (6.3% to 7.1%), Mania, Psychiatric symptom, Suicidal thoughts (0.03%) Renal: Infectious disorder of kidney (Less than 2%), Serum creatinine raised (Less than 2%) Respiratory: Pneumonia (Less than 2%) Daliresp Common: Endocrine metabolic: Weight decreased (7% to 20%) Gastrointestinal: Decrease in appetite (2.1%), Diarrhea (9.5%), Nausea (4.7%) Immunologic: Influenza (2.8%) Musculoskeletal: Backache (3.2%) Neurologic: Dizziness (2.1%), Headache (4.4%), Insomnia (2.4%) Serious: Psychiatric: Suicidal thoughts Doryx Common: Dermatologic: Rash (4%) Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (3.3%), Loss of appetite, Nausea (8% to 13.4%), Sensitive dentin, Sore gums, Vomiting (8.1%) Musculoskeletal: Myalgia (6.4%) Reproductive: Bacterial vaginosis (3.3%) Serious: Dermatologic: Drug hypersensitivity syndrome, Erythema multiforme, Photosensitivity, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Gastrointestinal: Clostridium difficile diarrhea Hepatic: Hepatotoxicity (Rare) Immunologic: Anaphylaxis, Superinfection Musculoskeletal: Arrest of bone development AND/OR growth Neurologic: Pseudotumor cerebri Ella Common: Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (8% to 15%), Nausea (12% to 13%) Neurologic: Headache (18% to 19%) Equetro Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension Dermatologic: Pruritus (8%), Rash (7%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (10%), Nausea (29%), Vomiting (18%), Xerostomia (8%) Neurologic: Asthenia (8%), Ataxia (15%), Dizziness (44%), Somnolence Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (6%), Nystagmus Serious Cardiovascular: Atrioventricular block, Cardiac dysrhythmia, Congestive heart failure, Eosinophilic myocarditis, Hypersensitivity, Syncope Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Endocrine metabolic: Hypocalcemia, Hyponatremia (4% to 21.7%), Water intoxication syndrome Gastrointestinal: Pancreatitis Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Aplastic anemia, Bone marrow depression, Eosinophilia, Leukopenia, Pancytopenia, Thrombocytopenia Hepatic: Hepatitis, Hepatotoxicity, Liver failure, Vanishing bile duct syndrome Immunologic: Drug hypersensitivity syndrome Neurologic: Acute intermittent porphyria Renal: Azotemia, Renal failure Respiratory: Pulmonary hypersensitivity Other: Angioedema Gabitril Common: Dermatologic: Pruritus (2%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (5% to 7%), Nausea (11%) Neurologic: Asthenia (18% to 23%), Ataxia (5% to 9%), Confusion (5%), Disturbance in speech (4%), Dizziness (27 to 31%), Feeling nervous (10% to 14%), Insomnia (5% to 6%), Somnolence (18% to 21%), Tremor (9% to 21%), Unable to concentrate (6% to 14%) Respiratory: Pharyngitis (7% to 8%) Serious: Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome Neurologic: Seizure, in patients without epilepsy, Status epilepticus, Status epilepticus, in patients without a history of seizure Psychiatric: Suicidal thoughts Gilenya Common: Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (11%), Diarrhea (13%) Hepatic: Increased liver enzymes (All elevations (ALT/GGT/AST), 15%; up to 3 times ULN (ALT, AST), 14%; 5 times ULN or greater (ALT, AST), 4.5%) Immunologic: Influenza (11%) Musculoskeletal: Backache (10%), Pain, In Extremity (10%) Neurologic: Headache (25%) Respiratory: Cough (12%), Sinusitis (11%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Atrioventricular block (up to 4.7%), Bradyarrhythmia (3%.) Dermatologic: Malignant melanoma Hematologic: Lymphocytopenia (Severe) (7%) Immunologic: Cryptococcosis, Herpesvirus infection (9%), Infectious disease (All infections, 72%; serious infections, 2.3%) Neurologic: Cryptococcal meningitis, Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Ophthalmic: Macular retinal edema (0.5% to 1.5%) Gleevec Common: Cardiovascular: Edema Dermatologic: Night sweats (13% to 17%), Rash (Adult, 8.9% to 38.1%; pediatric, acute lymphocytic leukemia, grade 3 or 4, 4%) Endocrine metabolic: Weight increased (5% to 32%) Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (Adult, 25% to 59.3%; pediatric, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, grade 3 or 4, 9%), Nausea (Adults, 41.7% to 73%; pediatric, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, grade 3 or 4, 16%), Vomiting (10.8% to 58%) Musculoskeletal: Arthralgia (8.8% to 40%), Cramp (28% to 62%), Musculoskeletal pain (Chronic myeloid leukemia, 20.5% to 49%), Myalgia (Adult, 9% to 33.2%; pediatric, acute lymphoblastic leukemia grade 3 or 4, 5%), Spasm (16.3% to 49%) Neurologic: Asthenia (12% to 21%), Dizziness (4.6% to 16%), Headache (8.2% to 36%), Insomnia (9.8% to 14%) Respiratory: Cough (13% to 27%), Nasopharyngitis (1% to 30.5%), Pain, Pharyngolaryngeal (Chronic myeloid leukemia, 18.1%), Pharyngitis (Chronic myeloid leukemia, 10% to 15%) Other: Fatigue (20% to 57%), Fever (6.2% to 41%), Influenza (Chronic myeloid leukemia, 0.8% to 13.8%), Rigor (10% to 12%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Cardiac tamponade, Cardiogenic shock, Congestive heart failure (0.1% to 1%) Dermatologic: Bullous eruption (0.1% to 1%), Erythema multiforme (0.01% to 0.1%), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (0.01% to 0.1%), Toxic epidermal necrolysis Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal perforation, Pancreatitis (0.1% to 1%) Hematologic: Anemia (Up to 42%), Febrile neutropenia (1% to 10%), Hemorrhage (All grades, 1% to 53%; grade 3 or 4, 0% to 19%), Neutropenia (Grade 3 or 4, 3.1% to 64%), Pancytopenia (1% to 10%), Thrombocytopenia (Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), grade 3, 8.5% to 30%; CML, grade 4, up to 33%; dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (oral route): 17%) Hepatic: ALT/SGPT level raised (grade 3 and above, up to 7%), Ascites (0.1% to 1%), AST/SGOT level raised, Hepatic necrosis (0.01% to 0.1%), Hepatotoxicity (chronic myeloid leukemia: all grades, 6% to 12%), Liver failure (0.01% to 0.1%) Neurologic: Cerebral edema, Raised intracranial pressure (0.01% to 0.1%) Ophthalmic: Optic disc edema (0.01% to 0.1%) Otic: Sensorineural hearing loss Renal: Acute renal failure (0.1% to 1%) Respiratory: Acute respiratory failure, Hypoxia (Pediatrics, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, grade 3 or 4, 9%), Pleural effusion (Pediatrics, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, grade 3 or 4, 7%), Pneumonia (Chronic myeloid leukemia, 4% to 13%), Pneumonitis (Pediatric, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, grade 3 or 4, 8%) Other: Secondary malignant neoplastic disease, Tumor lysis syndrome Hysingla ER Common: Cardiovascular: Peripheral edema (1% to less than 5%%) Dermatologic: Pruritus (0% to less than 5%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (1% to less than 5%), Constipation (3% to 11%), Nausea (7% to 10%), Vomiting (3% to 6%), Xerostomia (1% to less than 5%) Musculoskeletal: Spasm (1% to less than 5%) Neurologic: Dizziness (2% to 3%), Headache (2% to 4%), Somnolence (1% to 5%), Tremor (3%) Renal: Urinary tract infectious disease (1% to 5%) Respiratory: Upper respiratory infection (1% to 3%) Other: Fatigue (1% to 4%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Hypotension (less than 1%), Orthostatic hypotension (less than 1%), Prolonged QT interval, Syncope Gastrointestinal: Difficulty swallowing (less than 1%) Neurologic: Raised intracranial pressure, Seizure Respiratory: Respiratory depression Other: Drug withdrawal syndrome in neonate of dependent mother, Opioid withdrawal (less than 1%) Kuvan Common: Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (4% or more), Vomiting (4% or more) Neurologic: Headache (4% or greater) Respiratory: Cough (4% or more), Nasal congestion (4% or more), Nasal discharge (4% or more), Pain in throat (4% or more), Upper respiratory infection (17%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Myocardial infarction Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage Hematologic: Hemorrhage, Post-procedural Neurologic: Seizure Respiratory: Respiratory failure Lamictal XR Common: Dermatologic: Rash (7% to 14%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (immediate-release, 5% to 10%), Diarrhea (immediate-release, 6% to 11%; extended-release, 5%), Indigestion (immediate-release, 2% to 7%), Nausea (immediate- release, 7% to 25%; extended-release, 7%), Vomiting (immediate- release, 5% to 20%; extended-release, 6%)) Neurologic: Asthenia (immediate-release, 2% to 8%; extended- release, 6%), Ataxia (immediate-release, 2% to 11%), Coordination problem (immediate-release, 6% to 7%; extended-release, 3%), Dizziness (immediate-release, 7% to 54%; extended release, 14%), Headache (immediate-release, 29%), Insomnia (immediate-release, 5% to 10%), Somnolence (immediate-release, 9% to 17%; extended-release, 5%), Tremor (immediate-release, 4% to 10%; extended-release, 6%), Vertigo (immediate-release, 2%; extended- release, 3%) Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (immediate-release, 11% to 25% (adults) and 4% (children); extended-release, 3%), Diplopia (immediate-release, 24% to 49% (adults) and 5% (children); extended-release, 5%) Psychiatric: Anxiety (immediate-release, 4%; extended-release, 3%), Depression (immediate-release, 4%; extended-release, 3%) Reproductive: Dysmenorrhea (immediate-release, 5% to 7%) Respiratory: Rhinitis (immediate-release, 7% to 14%) Other: Pain (immediate-release, 5%) Serious: Dermatologic: Erythema multiforme (less than 0.1%), Rash, Serious (0.08% to 0.8%), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (0.08% to 0.8%.), Toxic epidermal necrolysis (0.08% to 0.8%) Hematologic: Anemia (immediate release, less than 0.1%), Disseminated intravascular coagulation, Eosinophilia (immediate release, less than 0.1%), Leukopenia (immediate release, 0.1% to 1%), Thrombocytopenia (immediate release, less than 0.1%) Hepatic: Liver failure Immunologic: Drug hypersensitivity syndrome Neurologic: Aseptic meningitis Other: Angioedema (less than 0.1%), Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Latuda Common: Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (3% to 5%), Nausea (10% to 17%), Vomiting (2% to 8%) Neurologic: Akathisia (5.6% to 22%), Extrapyramidal disease (10% to 39%), Parkinsonism (5% to 17%), Somnolence (7.3% to 26.5%) Psychiatric: Anxiety (4% to 5%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Orthostatic hypotension (0.3% to 2.1%), Syncope (0.1%) Hematologic: Agranulocytosis Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident (0.1% to 1%), Seizure (less than 1%), Tardive dyskinesia, Transient ischemic attack Psychiatric: Suicidal thoughts (0.4% to 1.1%) Renal: Serum creatinine raised (2% to 4%) Other: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Minastrin 24 FE Common: Dermatologic: Acne (2.7%) Endocrine metabolic: Abnormal weight gain (2%) Gastrointestinal: Nausea (4.6%), Vomiting (2% to 6%) Neurologic: Headache (6.3%) Psychiatric: Mood swings (2.2%) Reproductive: Abnormal cervical smear (3.1%), Amenorrhea (22% to 36%), Bacterial vaginosis (3.1%), Breast tenderness (3.4%), Candida vaginitis (6.1%), Intermenstrual bleeding - irregular (24 to 35%), Menstrual cramp (4.4%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Myocardial infarction Hematologic: Arterial thrombosis, Venous thromboembolism Hepatic: Adenoma of liver, Liver carcinoma Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident Ophthalmic: Thrombosis of retinal vein Nexavar Common: Cardiovascular: Hypertension, All grades (19.1%) Dermatologic: Acral erythema (hepatocellular carcinoma, 21%; renal cell carcinoma, 30%; thyroid carcinoma, 69%), Alopecia (hepatocellular carcinoma, 14%; renal cell carcinoma, 27%; thyroid carcinoma, 67%), Peeling of skin, Rash (up to 35%) Endocrine metabolic: Hypoalbuminemia (hepatocellular carcinoma, 59%), Hypocalcemia (hepatocellular carcinoma, 27%; renal cell carcinoma, 12%; thyroid carcinoma, 36%), Hypophosphatemia (35% to 45%), Raised TSH level (thyroid carcinoma, 41%), Weight decreased (hepatocellular carcinoma, 30%; renal cell carcinoma, 10%; thyroid carcinoma, 49%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (renal cell carcinoma, 11%; hepatocellular carcinoma, 31%; thyroid carcinoma, 20%), Decrease in appetite (thyroid carcinoma, 30%), Diarrhea (43% to 68%), Increased serum lipase level (40% to 41%), Loss of appetite (16% to 29%), Nausea (21% to 24%), Serum amylase raised (30% to 34%) Hematologic: Lymphocytopenia (renal cell carcinoma, 23%; hepatocellular carcinoma, 47%), Thrombocytopenia (renal cell carcinoma; 12%; hepatocellular carcinoma, 46%) Hepatic: ALT/SGPT level raised, All grades (thyroid carcinoma, 59%), AST/SGOT level raised, All grades (thyroid carcinoma, 54%) Immunologic: Infectious disease (10% or greater) Other: Fatigue (37% to 46%), Pain (10% or greater) Serious: Cardiovascular: Congestive heart failure (1.9%), Hypertension, Grade 3 or 4 (4.3%), Hypertensive crisis (0.1% to less than 1%), Myocardial infarction, Myocardial ischemia, Prolonged QT interval (Less than 0.1%) Dermatologic: Squamous cell carcinoma of skin (thyroid carcinoma, 3%), Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, Gastrointestinal perforation (0.1% to less than 1%), Pancreatitis (0.1% to less than 1%) Hematologic: Hemorrhage (renal cell carcinoma, 15.3%; thyroid carcinoma, 17.4%) Hepatic: ALT/SGPT level raised, Grade 3 or higher (thyroid carcinoma, 4%), AST/SGOT level raised, Grade 3 or 4 (thyroid carcinoma, 2%), Hepatitis (less than 0.1%) Neurologic: Cerebral hemorrhage (0.1% to less than 1%), Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (0.1% to less than 1%) Respiratory: Interstitial lung disease (0.1% to less than 1%), Respiratory tract hemorrhage Noxafil Common: Endocrine metabolic: Hypokalemia (prophylaxis, 22% to 30%) Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (prophylaxis, 29% to 42%; oropharyngeal candidiasis, 10%; refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis, 13%), Nausea (prophylaxis, 19% to 38%; oropharyngeal candidiasis, 9%; refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis, 29%), Vomiting (prophylaxis, 12% to 29%; oropharyngeal candidiasis, 7%; refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis, 28%) Neurologic: Headache (prophylaxis, 14% to 28%; oropharyngeal candidiasis, 8%; refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis, 20%) Other: Fever (prophylaxis, 21% to 45%; oropharyngeal candidiasis, 6%; refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis, 34%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Prolonged QT interval (1% to 2%), Torsades de pointes (less than 5%) Hepatic: Cholestasis (rare), Liver failure (rare) Pradaxa Common: Gastrointestinal: Esophagitis, Gastritis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Atrial fibrillation, 5.5%), Gastrointestinal hemorrhage (DVT and pulmonary embolism, 0.7% to 3.1%; nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 6.1%), Gastrointestinal ulcer, Indigestion (DVT and pulmonary embolism, 7.5%) Hematologic: Bleeding (DVT and pulmonary embolism prophylaxis, 10.5%; nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 16.6%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Myocardial infarction (DVT and pulmonary embolism, 0.32% to 0.66%; nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 0.7%) Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, Major (DVT and pulmonary embolism, 0.3% to 0.6%; nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 1.6%) Hematologic: Bleeding, Major (DVT and pulmonary embolism, 0.3% to 1.4%; nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 3.3%), Thrombosis Immunologic: Anaphylaxis Neurologic: Epidural hematoma, Intracranial hemorrhage (nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 0.3%; DVT and pulmonary embolism, 0.1%), Traumatic spinal subdural hematoma Respiratory: Bleeding, Alveolar Promacta Common: Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (Chronic hepatitis C-associated thrombocytopenia, 19%; chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, adults, 9%, pediatric, 5%; aplastic anemia, 21%), Nausea (Chronic hepatitis C-associated thrombocytopenia, 19%; chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 4% to 9%; aplastic anemia, 33%), Pain in throat (Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 4%; aplastic anemia, 14% 4%), Pharyngitis (4%), Vomiting (6%) Hematologic: Anemia (chronic hepatitis C-associated thrombocytopenia, 40%) Hepatic: ALT/SGPT level raised (Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 5% to 6%; chronic ITP, pediatric, 6%), AST/SGOT level raised (Adult, 4%; pediatric, 5%), Hyperbilirubinemia (6% to 8%) Musculoskeletal: Myalgia (2% to 12%) Neurologic: Headache (Chronic hepatitis C-associated thrombocytopenia and aplastic anemia, 21%; chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 10%) Ophthalmic: Cataract (4% to 7%) Renal: Urinary tract infectious disease (5%) Respiratory: Cough (Aplastic anemia, 23%; chronic ITP, pediatric, 9%), Epistaxis (13%) Other: Fatigue (Chronic hepatitis C-associated thrombocytopenia and aplastic anemia, 28%; chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 4%), Fever (Chronic hepatitis C-associated thrombocytopenia, 30%; aplastic anemia, 14%) Serious: Hematologic: Bleeding, Portal vein thrombosis (chronic hepatitis C-associated thrombocytopenia, 1%), Thrombosis (chronic hepatitis C-associated thrombocytopenia, 3%) Hepatic: Hepatotoxicity, Liver failure (chronic hepatitis C- associated thrombocytopenia, 7%), Liver function tests abnormal (11%) Renal: Acute renal failure Promacta Suboxone Common: Dermatologic: Hyperhidrosis (SL tablet, 14%; buccal film, 1% to less than 5%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (SL tablet, 11.2%), Constipation (SL tablet, 12.1%; buccal film, 1% to less than 5%), Nausea (SL tablet, induction phase, 5%; long-term use, 15%), Vomiting (SL tablet, 5% to 7.5%) Neurologic: Headache (SL tablet, induction phase, 7%; long-term use, 36.4%; buccal film, 5% or greater), Insomnia (SL tablet, 14%; buccal film, greater than 1% and less than 5%) Other: Drug withdrawal (SL tablet, 25.2%; buccal film, at least 5%), Pain (SL tablet, 22.4%) Serious: Hepatic: Hepatitis Immunologic: Anaphylaxis Neurologic: Central nervous system depression Respiratory: Respiratory depression Other: Drug dependence (Buccal film, 1% to less than 5%) Tekturna HCT Common: Endocrine metabolic: Hyperkalemia (0.8% to 36.9%), Hypokalemia (2.2%) Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (1.6%) Neurologic: Dizziness (2.3%) Renal: Serum blood urea nitrogen raised (11.8%) Respiratory: Cough (1.3%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Hypotension Ophthalmic: Angle-closure glaucoma, acute, Myopia (Acute), Transient Thalomid Common: Cardiovascular: Edema (multiple myeloma, 13% to 56%), Peripheral edema (erythema nodosum leprosum, 3.1% to 8.3%; multiple myeloma, 34%) Dermatologic: Dry skin (multiple myeloma, 21%), Rash (erythema nodosum leprosum, 20.8%) Endocrine metabolic: Hypocalcemia (multiple myeloma, 72%), Weight gain (multiple myeloma, 3% to 22%), Weight loss (multiple myeloma, 23%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (erythema nodosum leprosum, 2.8% to 9.4%; multiple myeloma, 50% to 55%), Diarrhea (erythema nodosum leprosum, 4.2% to 18.7%), Indigestion (multiple myeloma, 11%), Nausea (erythema nodosum leprosum, 4.2%; multiple myeloma, 13% to 28%) Hematologic: Leukopenia (erythema nodosum, 16.7% to 25%; multiple myeloma, 35%) Musculoskeletal: Muscle weakness (multiple myeloma, 40%) Neurologic: Asthenia (erythema nodosum leprosum, 5.6% to 21.9%; multiple myeloma, 24%), Confusional state (multiple myeloma, 28%), Dizziness (erythema nodosum leprosum, 4.2% to 19.2%; multiple myeloma, 23%), Somnolence (erythema nodosum leprosum, 36.1% to 37.5%; multiple myeloma, 3% or more), Tremor (erythema nodosum leprosum, 4.2%; multiple myeloma, 26%) Respiratory: Dyspnea (multiple myeloma, 42%), Pneumonia (multiple myeloma, 15%) Other: Fatigue (multiple myeloma, 21% to 79%), Fever (erythema nodosum leprosum, 19.4% to 21.9%; multiple myeloma, 24%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Atrial fibrillation, Grade 3/4 (multiple myeloma, 5%), Cardiac dysrhythmia, Ischemic heart disease (11.1%), Myocardial infarction (1.3%) Tikosyn Common: Cardiovascular: Chest pain (10%) Neurologic: Dizziness (8%), Headache (11%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Heart block (up to 1.2%), Prolonged QT interval, Torsades de pointes (0.8%), Ventricular arrhythmia (up to 14.5%), Ventricular fibrillation (up to 4.8%), Ventricular tachycardia (up to 12.4%) Tradjenta Common: Endocrine metabolic: Hypoglycemia (monotherapy, 6.6%; combination therapy, 22.9%) Respiratory: Nasopharyngitis (7%) Serious: Gastrointestinal: Pancreatic cancer, Pancreatitis Immunologic: Anaphylaxis, Hypersensitivity reaction Other: Angioedema, Pancreatic cancer Trokendi XR Common: Dermatologic: Flushing (pediatrics, 5%) Endocrine metabolic: Serum bicarbonate level abnormal (25% to 67%) Gastrointestinal: Loss of appetite (10% to 24%), Weight decreased (4% to 21%) Immunologic: Infectious disease (2% to 8%) Neurologic: Confusion (3% to 11%), Dizziness (4% to 25%), Impaired cognition (2% to 7%), Impaired psychomotor performance (2% to 13%), Memory impairment (3% to 12%), Paresthesia (1% to 51%), Reduced concentration span (2% to 10%), Somnolence (6% to 29%) Psychiatric: Feeling nervous (4% to 16%), Mood disorder (4% to 11%) Other: Fatigue (6% to 16%), Fever (1% to 12%) Serious: Dermatologic: Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Endocrine metabolic: Hyperammonemia (Adolescents, 26%), Hypohidrosis, Increased body temperature, Metabolic acidosis Hepatic: Liver failure Neurologic: Drug-induced encephalopathy Ophthalmic: Glaucoma, Myopia, Visual field defect (epilepsy, 0.1% to 1%) Psychiatric: Suicidal thoughts Renal: Nephrolithiasis (adults, 1% to 3%) Viibryd Common: Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (26% to 29%), Nausea (22% to 24%), Vomiting (4% to 5%) Neurologic: Insomnia (6% to 7%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Ventricular premature beats (0.1% to 1%) Psychiatric: Suicidal behavior, Suicidal thoughts Other: Drug withdrawal, Serotonin syndrome (0.1%) Xartemis XR Common: Gastrointestinal: Constipation (extended-release, 4%), Nausea (extended-release, 31%), Vomiting (extended-release, 9%) Neurologic: Dizziness (extended-release, 13%), Headache (extended-release, 10%), Lightheadedness, Sedated, Somnolence (extended-release, 4%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Disorder of pulmonary circulation, Hypotension, Shock Dermatologic: Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Neutropenia Hepatic: Hepatic necrosis, Hepatotoxicity, Liver failure Immunologic: Anaphylaxis, Hypersensitivity reaction Respiratory: Apnea, Respiratory arrest, Respiratory depression Other: Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Zohydro ER Common: Cardiovascular: Peripheral edema (1% to less than 5%%) Dermatologic: Pruritus (0% to less than 5%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (1% to less than 5%), Constipation (3% to 11%), Nausea (7% to 10%), Vomiting (3% to 6%), Xerostomia (1% to less than 5%) Musculoskeletal: Spasm (1% to less than 5%) Neurologic: Dizziness (2% to 3%), Headache (2% to 4%), Somnolence (1% to 5%), Tremor (3%) Renal: Urinary tract infectious disease (1% to 5%) Respiratory: Upper respiratory infection (1% to 3%) Other: Fatigue (1% to 4%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Hypotension (less than 1%), Orthostatic hypotension (less than 1%), Prolonged QT interval, Syncope Gastrointestinal: Difficulty swallowing (less than 1%) Neurologic: Raised intracranial pressure, Seizure Respiratory: Respiratory depression Other: Drug withdrawal syndrome in neonate of dependent mother, Opioid withdrawal (less than 1%) Zorvolex Common Gastrointestinal: Constipation (5% to 8%), Diarrhea (6%), Nausea (6% to 7%) Hepatic: Increased liver function test (15%) Neurologic: Headache (4% to 8%) Renal: Urinary tract infectious disease (7%) Respiratory: Nasopharyngitis (6%), Sinusitis (3% to 5%), Upper respiratory infection (8%) Serious Cardiovascular: Myocardial infarction, Thrombosis Dermatologic: Erythema multiforme, Erythroderma, Stevens- Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, Gastrointestinal perforation Hematologic: Aplastic anemia, Blood coagulation disorder, Hemolytic anemia, Thrombocytopenia Hepatic: Increased liver enzymes, Jaundice, Liver failure Immunologic: Anaphylactoid reaction Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident Renal: Acute renal failure Respiratory: Bronchospasm Zytiga Common Dermatologic: Contusion (13.3%), Flushing (19% to 22.3%) Endocrine metabolic: Hypercholesterolemia (Greater than 20%), Hyperglycemia (56.6%), Hypertriglyceridemia (62.5%), Hypophosphatemia (23.8%) Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (17.6% to 21.6%), Vomiting (10% or higher) Hematologic: Anemia (Greater than 20%), Lymphocytopenia, All grades (38.2%) Hepatic: Alkaline phosphatase raised (Greater than 20%) Musculoskeletal: Joint swelling (29.5% to 30.3%) Renal: Urinary tract infectious disease (11.5%) Respiratory: Cough (10.6% to 17.3%), Dyspnea (11.8%) Other: Fatigue (39.1%) Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiac dysrhythmia (7.2%), Cardiorespiratory arrest (0.5%), Chest discomfort, Chest pain, Edema (25.1% to 26.7%), Heart failure (2.1% to 2.3%), Hypertension (8.5% to 21.6%), Myocardial infarction, Sudden cardiac death Endocrine metabolic: Adrenal insufficiency (0.5%), Hypokalemia (17.2% to 28.3%) Hematologic: Lymphocytopenia, Grade 3 or 4 (8.7%) Hepatic: ALT/SGPT level raised (11.1% to 41.9%), AST/SGOT level raised (30.6% to 37.3%), Serum bilirubin raised (6.6%) Seroquel (Quetiapine) Common: Cardiovascular: Increased diastolic arterial pressure (Pediatric, 40.6%), Increased systolic arterial pressure (Pediatric, 15.2%), Orthostatic hypotension (Up to 7%), Tachycardia (Up to 6%) Endocrine metabolic: Serum cholesterol raised (7% to 18%), Serum triglycerides raised (8% to 28%), Weight gain (3% to 28%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (3% to 7%), Constipation (2% to 11%), Increased appetite (2% to 12%), Indigestion (2% to 7%), Nausea (Pediatric, 6% to 10%), Vomiting (Pediatric, 7% to 8%), Xerostomia (Adult, 9% to 44%; pediatric, 4% to 10%) Hepatic: Increased liver enzymes (1% to 6%) Musculoskeletal: Backache (3% to 5%) Neurologic: Asthenia (Up to 10%), Dizziness (8% to 19%), Extrapyramidal disease (1.1% to 12.9%), Headache (17% to 21%), Insomnia (8% to 12%), Lethargy (1% to 5%), Somnolence (18% to 57%), Tremor (2% to 8%) Psychiatric: Agitation (6% to 20%) Respiratory: Nasal congestion (3% to 5%), Pharyngitis (4% to 6%) Other: Fatigue (3% to 14%), Pain (7%) Serious: Cardiovascular: Prolonged QT interval (0.1% to less than 1%), Sudden cardiac death, Syncope (0.3% to 1%) Endocrine metabolic: Diabetic ketoacidosis Gastrointestinal: Pancreatitis Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Leukopenia, Neutropenia (0.3% to 1.5%) Immunologic: Anaphylaxis Neurologic: Seizure (0.05% to 0.5%), Tardive dyskinesia Psychiatric: Suicidal thoughts Reproductive: Priapism Other: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Pain Relievers Opioids Codeine Common Gastrointestinal: Constipation, Nausea, Vomiting Neurologic: Dizziness, Lightheadedness, Sedated, Somnolence Respiratory: Dyspnea Serious Cardiovascular: Hypotension Gastrointestinal: Bowel obstruction, Pancreatitis Neurologic: CSF pressure: raised, Seizure Respiratory: Respiratory depression Fentanyl and Analogs Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension (up to 5% (buccal film)), Peripheral edema (1% or greater (nasal spray); 5% to 32% (buccal tablet)) Dermatologic: Application site reaction (10% (buccal tablet)), Rash (3% to 8% (lozenge)) Endocrine metabolic: Abnormal weight loss (up to 13% (buccal tablet/film)), Hypokalemia (up to 15% (buccal tablet)) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (1% or greater (nasal spray); up to 15%), Constipation (4% to 26%), Diarrhea (up to 16% (buccal tablet/film)), Loss of appetite (2% to 11% (buccal tablet/film)), Nausea (5.6% to 42%), Vomiting (4% to 37%) Hematologic: Anemia (1% or greater (nasal spray); 9% to 32% (buccal tablet)), Neutropenia (1% or greater (nasal spray); up to 8% (buccal tablet)) Musculoskeletal: Arthralgia (up to 8% (buccal tablet)), Backache (up to 11% (buccal tablet)) Neurologic: Asthenia (up to 30% (lozenge, buccal tablet/film)), Confusion (up to 16%), Dizziness (6% (nasal spray); up to 26% (lozenge, sublingual, buccal tablet/film)), Headache (1% or greater (nasal spray); up to 17% (lozenge, sublingual, buccal tablet/film)), Insomnia (up to 11% (lozenge, buccal tablet/film)), Somnolence (up to 15% (sublingual, buccal tablet)) Psychiatric: Anxiety (3% to 9% (buccal film, lozenge)), Depression (up to 11% (buccal tablet)) Respiratory: Cough (up to 9%), Pneumonia (1% to 16% (buccal tablet, nasal spray)) Other: Dehydration (up to 21% (buccal tablet, film)), Fatigue (1% to 20% (buccal tablet, film)) Serious Cardiovascular: Bradyarrhythmia (1% or greater (sublingual tablet)), Cardiorespiratory arrest (1% or greater (nasal spray)), Tachyarrhythmia (1% or greater (sublingual, buccal tablet/film)) Gastrointestinal: Bowel obstruction (1% or greater (buccal film); up to 4% (lozenge)) Hematologic: Deep venous thrombosis (1% or greater (nasal spray)) Musculoskeletal: Muscle rigidity Respiratory: Dyspnea (up to 19% (lozenge, buccal tablet/film)), Respiratory depression (Causing Overdoses) Hydrocodone Common Cardiovascular: Peripheral edema (1% to less than 5%%) Dermatologic: Pruritus (0% to less than 5%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (1% to less than 5%), Constipation (3% to 11%), Nausea (7% to 10%), Vomiting (3% to 6%), Xerostomia (1% to less than 5%) Musculoskeletal: Spasm (1% to less than 5%) Neurologic: Dizziness (2% to 3%), Headache (2% to 4%), Somnolence (1% to 5%), Tremor (3%) Renal: Urinary tract infectious disease (1% to 5%) Respiratory: Upper respiratory infection (1% to 3%) Other: Fatigue (1% to 4%) Serious Cardiovascular: Hypotension (less than 1%), Orthostatic hypotension (less than 1%), Prolonged QT interval, Syncope Gastrointestinal: Difficulty swallowing (less than 1%) Neurologic: Raised intracranial pressure, Seizure Respiratory: Respiratory depression Other: Drug withdrawal syndrome in neonate of dependent mother, Opioid withdrawal (less than 1%) Hydromorphone Common Dermatologic: Flushing (extended-release, less than 2%), Pruritus (extended-release, 1% to 8%), Sweating Gastrointestinal: Constipation (extended-release, 7% to 31%), Nausea (extended-release, 9% to 28%.), Vomiting (extended- release, 6% to 14%) Neurologic: Asthenia (1% to 11%), Dizziness (1% to 11%), Headache (1% to 12%), Somnolence (less than 2%) Serious Cardiovascular: Hypotension (less than 2%), Syncope (less than 2%) Neurologic: Coma, Myoclonus (less than 2%), Raised intracranial pressure, Seizure (less than 2%) Psychiatric: Suicidal thoughts (extended-release, less than 2%) Respiratory: Apnea (less than 1%), Respiratory arrest, Respiratory depression (less than 2%) Other: Drug dependence (less than 1%), Drug withdrawal (less than 1%), Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Methadone Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension Endocrine metabolic: Diaphoresis Gastrointestinal: Constipation, Nausea, Vomiting Neurologic: Asthenia, Dizziness, Lightheadedness, Sedated Serious Cardiovascular: Decreased vascular flow, left ventricle, Prolonged QT interval, Torsades de pointes Endocrine metabolic: Hypoglycemia Respiratory: Respiratory acidosis, Respiratory arrest, Respiratory depression Other: Drug dependence Oxycodone Common Dermatologic: Pruritus (Adults, controlled-release, 13%; immediate-release, 3% or greater; pediatrics, 6%), Sweating (controlled-release, 5%; immediate-release, less than 3%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (up to 5%), Constipation (Adults, controlled-release, 23%; immediate-release, 3% or greater; pediatrics, 9%), Nausea (Adults, controlled-release, 23%; immediate-release, 3% or greater; pediatrics, 15%), Vomiting (Adults, controlled-release, 12%; immediate-release, 3% or greater; pediatrics, 21%), Xerostomia (controlled-release, 6%; immediate- release, less than 3%) Neurologic: Asthenia (controlled-release, 6%; immediate-release, 3% or greater), Dizziness (Adults, controlled-release, 13%; immediate-release, 3% or greater; pediatrics, 9%), Headache (Adults, 3% or greater; pediatrics, 14%), Somnolence (controlled- release, 23%; immediate-release, 3% or greater) Other: Fever (Adults, up to 5%; pediatrics, 11%) Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiac arrest, Chest pain (less than 1%), Heart failure (less than 3%), Hypotension (less than 3%), Shock, ST segment depression (less than 1%), Syncope (less than 1%) Gastrointestinal: Bowel obstruction, Diverticulitis, Exacerbation Immunologic: Hypersensitivity reaction (less than 3%) Respiratory: Respiratory depression Other: Drug withdrawal syndrome in neonate of dependent mother, Opioid withdrawal (1% to 5%) Oxymorphone Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension (less than 10%) Dermatologic: Pruritus (less than or equal to 15.2%), Sweating symptom (1% to less than 10%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (1% to less than 10%), Constipation (4.1% to 27.6%), Nausea (2.9% to 33.1%), Vomiting (less than or equal to 15.6%), Xerostomia (1% to less than 10%) Neurologic: Confusion (1% to less than 10%), Dizziness (5% to 17%), Headache (4% to 12%), Somnolence (2% to 19%) Respiratory: Dyspnea (1% to less than 10%), Hypoxia (less than 10%) Other: Fatigue (1% to less than 10%), Fever (1% to 14.2%) Serious Gastrointestinal: Bowel obstruction (less than 1%) Neurologic: Coma Respiratory: Respiratory depression Other: Drug dependence, Drug withdrawal syndrome in neonate of dependent mother Amytal (amobarbital) Common Neurologic: Confusion, Dizziness, Headache, Somnolence Serious Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (rare) Hematologic: Agranulocytosis (rare), Megaloblastic anemia, With prolonged use (rare) Hepatic: Injury of liver, With prolonged use (rare) Respiratory: Apnea, Hypoventilation Nembutal (pentobarbital) Common Neurologic: Confusion (less than 1%), Dizziness (less than 1%), Somnolence (1% to 3%) Psychiatric: Agitation (less than 1%) Serious Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (less than 1%) Hematologic: Megaloblastic anemia (less than 1%) Hepatic: Injury of liver (less than 1%) Respiratory: Apnea (less than 1%), Hypoventilation (less than 1%) Seconal (secobarbital) Common Neurologic: Somnolence (1% to 3%) Serious Hematologic: Megaloblastic anemia, With prolonged use (less than 1%) Hepatic: Liver damage (less than 1%) Psychiatric: Complex mannerisms - behavior (Less than 1%.) Other: Drug dependence, Withdrawal sign or symptom Adderall (Amphetamine) Common Cardiovascular: Increased systolic arterial pressure (extended- release: pediatrics, 7% to 35%) Endocrine metabolic: Weight loss (extended-release: adults, 10%; pediatrics, 4% to 9%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (extended-release: pediatrics, 11% to 14%), Loss of appetite (extended-release capsules: adults, 33%; pediatrics, 22% to 36%), Xerostomia (extended-release: adults, 35%; pediatrics, 2% to 4%) Neurologic: Dizziness, Headache (extended-release: adults, 26%), Insomnia (extended-release: adults, 27%; pediatrics, 12% to 17%) Psychiatric: Feeling nervous (extended release: adults, 13%; pediatrics, 6%) Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiomyopathy, Myocardial infarction, Peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud's disease, Sudden cardiac death Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Immunologic: Hypersensitivity reaction Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident, Seizure Psychiatric: Psychotic disorder Methylphenidate Common Cardiovascular: Tachycardia (Adult, 4.8%) Dermatologic: Diaphoresis (Adult, 5.1%) Endocrine metabolic: Weight decreased (Adult, 6.5%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (2% or greater), Decrease in appetite (Adult, 25.3%; pediatric, 2% to 9% or greater), Loss of appetite (Adult, 1.7%; pediatric, 3.1% to 9% or greater), Nausea (Adult, 12.8%), Vomiting (2% or greater), Xerostomia (Adult, 14%) Neurologic: Dizziness (Adult, 6.7%; pediatric, 1.9%.), Headache (Adult, 22.2%; pediatric, up to 12%), Insomnia (Adult, 12.3%; pediatric, 2.8% to 5%) Psychiatric: Anxiety (Adult, 8.2%), Depression (Adult, 1.7% to 3.9%), Irritability (Adult, 5.8%) Serious Cardiovascular: Myocardial infarction, Raynaud's phenomenon, Sudden cardiac death Endocrine metabolic: Decreased body growth Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal obstruction, With preexisting severe gastrointestinal narrowing and use of controlled-release formulations Hepatic: Abnormal liver function Neurologic: Cerebral artery occlusion, Cerebral hemorrhage, Cerebrovascular accident, Seizure Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (1.7% to 2% or greater) Psychiatric: Aggressive behavior (Adult, 1.7%), Mania, Psychotic disorder Reproductive: Priapism Daytrana See Methylphenidate Concerta See Methylphenidate Ritalin See Methylphenidate Klonopin (clonazepam) Common Neurologic: Ataxia (5% to 30%), Coordination problem (6%), Dizziness (8%), Somnolence (37% to 50%) Psychiatric: Problem behavior (25%) Respiratory: Upper respiratory infection (8%) Other: Fatigue (7%) Serious Psychiatric: Depression (7%), Suicidal thoughts Respiratory: Respiratory depression Valium (diazepam) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension Dermatologic: Rash (3%, rectal gel) Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (4%, rectal gel) Musculoskeletal: Muscle weakness Neurologic: Ataxia, Incoordination (3%, rectal gel), Somnolence Psychiatric: Euphoria (3%, rectal gel) Respiratory: Respiratory depression Other: Fatigue Serious Hematologic: Neutropenia Xanax (alprazolam) Common Endocrine metabolic: Decrease in appetite (7.3% to 27.8%), Increased appetite (7% to 32.7%), Weight increase (2.7% to 27.2%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (8.1% to 26.2%), Reduced salivation (32.8%), Xerostomia (10.2% to 14.7%) Neurologic: Cognitive disorder (28.8%), Confusion (1.5% to 10.4%), Dysarthria (10.9% to 23.3%), Incoordination (9.4% to 40.1%), Lightheadedness (20.8%), Memory impairment (15.4% to 33.1%), Sedated (45.2%), Somnolence (23% to 76.8%) Psychiatric: Irritability (immediate-release, 33.1%; extended- release 1% or more) Reproductive: Reduced libido (6% to 14.4%) Other: Fatigue (13.9% to 48.6%) Serious Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome Ambien (zolpidem) Common Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (1% to 3%), Nausea (1% to 7%) Immunologic: Allergic reaction (4%) Neurologic: Dizziness (1% to 23.5%), Drugged state (3%), Headache (1% to 19%), Somnolence (2% to 15%) Ophthalmic: Visual disturbance (3%) Other: Fatigue (0.1% to 3%) Serious Cardiovascular: Chest pain (1%), Tachycardia (0.1% to 1%) Immunologic: Anaphylaxis (rare) Neurologic: Hepatic encephalopathy Psychiatric: Complex mannerisms - behavior, Depression, worsening, Suicidal thoughts Other: Angioedema (rare) Lunesta (eszopiclone) Common Gastrointestinal: Disorder of taste (8% to 34%), Vomiting (3%) Neurologic: Dizziness (1% to 7%), Headache (13% to 21%), Migraine (1% or greater) Respiratory: Respiratory tract infection (5% to 10%) Serious Other: Angioedema (rare) Sonata (zaleplon) Common Neurologic: Dizziness (7% to 9%), Headache (30% to 42%) Serious Immunologic: Anaphylaxis (rare) Neurologic: Drug withdrawal seizure (rare) Psychiatric: Abnormal behavior, Complex mannerisms - behavior, Depression (at least 1%), Suicidal behavior, Suicidal thoughts Other: Angioedema (rare) Chantix Common Gastrointestinal: Constipation (5% to 8%), Flatulence (6% to 9%), Nausea (30%), Vomiting (5% to 11%) Neurologic: Dream disorder (9% to 13%), Headache (11% to 19%), Insomnia (10% to 19%) Serious Cardiovascular: Angina (2.3%), Myocardial infarction (2%) Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident Ophthalmic: Acquired night blindness (rare), Blurred vision (infrequent), Retinal vascular disorder (rare), Subcapsular cataract (rare), Transient blindness (rare), Visual disturbance (infrequent) Psychiatric: Abnormal behavior, Depression (3.5% to 11%), Hostile behavior (2%), Mood disorder (2.3%), Suicidal behavior, and/or ideation (6% to 11%) Revlimid Common Cardiovascular: Peripheral edema (multiple myeloma, 26.3%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 20.3%; mantle cell lymphoma, 16%) Dermatologic: Pruritus (Multiple myeloma, 7.6%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 41.9%; mantle cell lymphoma, 17%), Rash (Multiple myeloma, up to 26.1%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 35.8%; mantle cell lymphoma, 22%) Endocrine metabolic: Hypokalemia (Multiple myeloma, 13.6% to 17.1%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 10.8%; mantle cell lymphoma, 13%), Weight decreased (13% to 19.5%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (Multiple myeloma, 40.5%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 23.6%; mantle cell lymphoma, 16%), Diarrhea (Multiple myeloma, 38.5% to 45.5%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 48.6%; mantle cell lymphoma, 31%), Nausea (23.6% to 30%') Hematologic: Anemia, All grades (Multiple myeloma, 31.4% to 43.8%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 11.5%; mantle cell lymphoma, 31%), Leukopenia, All grades (7.9% to 15%), Neutropenia, All grades (Multiple myeloma, 35% to 42.2%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 58.8%; mantle cell lymphoma, 49%), Thrombocytopenia, All grades (Multiple myeloma, 19.5% to 21.5%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 61.5%; mantle cell lymphoma, 36%) Musculoskeletal: Arthralgia (Multiple myeloma, 19%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 21.6%; mantle cell lymphoma, 8%), Backache (Multiple myeloma, 25.8% to 32%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 20.9%; mantle cell lymphoma, 13%), Cramp (Multiple myeloma, 33.4%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 18.2%) Neurologic: Asthenia (Multiple myeloma, 28.2%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 14.9%; mantle cell lymphoma, 14%), Dizziness (19.6% to 23.2%), Headache (Myelodysplastic syndrome, 19.6%), Insomnia (Multiple myeloma, 27.6%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 10.1%), Tremor (Multiple myeloma, 21.2%) Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (Multiple myeloma, 17.3%) Respiratory: Cough (Multiple myeloma, 22.7%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 19.6%; mantle cell lymphoma, 28%), Dyspnea (Multiple myeloma, 22% to 23.5%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 6.8% to 16.9%; mantle cell lymphoma, 18%), Epistaxis (Myelodysplastic syndrome, 14.9%), Nasopharyngitis (Multiple myeloma, 15% to 17.6%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 23%), Pharyngitis (13.6% to 15.5%), Upper respiratory infection (Multiple myeloma, 24.6%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 14.9%; mantle cell lymphoma, 13%) Other: Fatigue (Multiple myeloma, 32.5% to 43.9%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 31.1%; mantle cell lymphoma, 34%), Fever (Multiple myeloma, 21.4% to 27.5%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 20.9%; mantle cell lymphoma, 23%), Infectious disease Serious Cardiovascular: Atrial fibrillation, Grade 3 or 4 (multiple myeloma, 3.7%), Cerebrovascular accident (1.4% to 2.3%), Congestive heart failure, Grade 3 or 4 (multiple myeloma, 1.4%), Myocardial infarction (Less than 5%), Syncope, Grade 3 or 4 (1.4% to 2.8%) Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Hematologic: Anemia, Grade 3 or 4 (Multiple myeloma, 9.9% to 18.2%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 6.1%; mantle cell lymphoma, 11%), Deep venous thrombosis, All grades (9.3% to 10.3%), Deep venous thrombosis, Grade 3 or 4 (4% to 8.2%), Febrile neutropenia, Grade 3 or 4 (2.3% to 6%), Leukopenia, Grade 3 or 4 (4% to 7%), Neutropenia, Grade 3 or 4 (Multiple myeloma, 16% to 33.4% myelodysplastic syndrome, 53.4%; mantle cell lymphoma, 43%.), Thrombocytopenia, Grade 3 or 4 (Multiple myeloma, 8.3% to 12.2%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 50%; mantle cell lymphoma, 28%), Thrombosis Hepatic: Hepatotoxicity (15%), Liver failure Ophthalmic: Cataract, Grade 3 or 4 (Multiple myeloma, 9.6%; 1.4% (grade 3.4)) Renal: Interstitial nephritis, acute Respiratory: Hypoxia (Mantle cell lymphoma, 2%), Pleural effusion (Mantle cell lymphoma, 7%), Pneumonia (Multiple myeloma, 13.6% to 17.5%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 11.5%; mantle cell lymphoma, 14%), Pneumonitis (Myelodysplastic syndrome, grade 3 or 4, 1.4%), Pulmonary embolism, Grade 3 or 4 (2% to 4%), Pulmonary hypertension (Myelodysplastic syndrome, grade 3 or 4, 1.4%), Respiratory distress (Grade 3 or 4, 1% to 2%) Other: Angioedema, Multiple organ failure (Myelodysplastic syndrome, grade 3 or 4, 1.4%), Secondary malignant neoplastic disease, Tumor flare (Mantle cell lymphoma, 10%), Tumor lysis syndrome Tracleer Common Cardiovascular: Edema of lower extremity (5% to 8%), Hypotension (7%), Palpitations (5%) Dermatologic: Flushing (7% to 14%) Hematologic: Decreased hemoglobin (6%) Neurologic: Headache (up to 24%) Serious Hematologic: Decreased hemoglobin (Severe) (3%) Hepatic: Cirrhosis of liver, Increased liver aminotransferase level (Up to 11%), Liver failure Other: Angioedema Xeljanz (Jak Compounds) Common Endocrine metabolic: Increased HDL level (10% to 12%), Raised low density lipoprotein cholesterol (15% to 19%) Neurologic: Headache (3.4% to 4.3%) Renal: Urinary tract infectious disease (2%) Respiratory: Nasopharyngitis (2.8% to 3.8%), Upper respiratory infection (3.8% to 4.5%) Serious Dermatologic: Skin cancer, Non-melanoma Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal perforation Hematologic: Anemia, Decreased lymphocyte count (0.04%), Neutropenia (0.07%) Hepatic: Injury of liver Immunologic: Infectious disease (20% to 22%), Opportunistic infection, Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, Epstein Barr virus associated (2.3%), Tuberculosis Other: Cancer Atomoxetine (Strattera) Common Cardiovascular: Increased diastolic arterial pressure (adult, 4.8% to 12.6%; pediatric, 9.3% to 21.5%), Increased systolic arterial pressure (adult, 4.2% to 12.4%; pediatric, 4.9% to 12.5%), Tachycardia (adult, 1.5% to 22.4%; pediatric, 0.3% to 23.4%) Endocrine metabolic: Weight decreased (adults, 2%; pediatric, 3% to 29.1%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (adult, 7%; pediatric, 17% to 18%), Constipation (adult, 8%; pediatric, 1% to 2%), Decrease in appetite (adult, 16%; pediatric, 16%), Nausea (adult, 26%; pediatric, 7% to 13%), Vomiting (adult, 4%; pediatric, 11%), Xerostomia (adult, 20%) Neurologic: Headache (pediatric, 19%), Insomnia (adult, 15%; pediatric, at least 2%), Somnolence (adult, 8%; pediatric, 11%) Renal: Delay when starting to pass urine (adult, 6%) Reproductive: Dysmenorrhea (adult, 3%), Erectile dysfunction (adult, 8%) Other: Menopausal flushing (adult, 3%) Serious Cardiovascular: Myocardial infarction, Sudden cardiac death Hepatic: Injury of liver (Severe), Liver failure Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident, Dyskinesia, Seizure (adult, 0.1%; pediatric, 0.2%) Psychiatric: Mania, Psychotic disorder, Suicidal thoughts (pediatric, 0.4%) Reproductive: Priapism (rare) Quetiapine (Seroquel) See Seroquel above Eszopiclone (Lunesta) See Lunesta above Gabapentin (Neurontin) Common Cardiovascular: Peripheral edema (1.7% to 8.3%) Gastrointestinal: Nausea (greater than 1%), Vomiting (3.3%) Immunologic: Viral disease (10.9%) Neurologic: Ataxia (Adult, 3%; adult and adolescent, 13%), Nystagmus (Adult and adolescent, 8%) Other: Fatigue (3% to 11%), Fever (Pediatric, 10%) Serious Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome Immunologic: Drug hypersensitivity syndrome Neurologic: Dizziness (Adults, 28%; adults and adolescents, 17%; pediatrics, 3%), Somnolence (Adults, 21%; adults and adolescents, 19%; pediatrics, 8%) Psychiatric: Disorder of form of thought (Pediatric, 1.7%), Disturbance in thinking (2% to 3%), Hostile behavior (Pediatric, 5.2%), Hyperactive behavior (Pediatric, 4.7%), Mood swings (Pediatric, 6%), Suicidal thoughts Topiramate (Topamax) Common Dermatologic: Flushing (pediatrics, 5%) Endocrine metabolic: Serum bicarbonate level abnormal (25% to 67%) Gastrointestinal: Loss of appetite (10% to 24%), Weight decreased (4% to 21%) Immunologic: Infectious disease (2% to 8%) Neurologic: Confusion (3% to 11%), Dizziness (4% to 25%), Impaired cognition (2% to 7%), Impaired psychomotor performance (2% to 13%), Memory impairment (3% to 12%), Paresthesia (1% to 51%), Reduced concentration span (2% to 10%), Somnolence (6% to 29%) Psychiatric: Feeling nervous (4% to 16%), Mood disorder (4% to 11%) Other: Fatigue (6% to 16%), Fever (1% to 12%) Serious Dermatologic: Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Endocrine metabolic: Hyperammonemia (Adolescents, 26%), Hypohidrosis, Increased body temperature, Metabolic acidosis Hepatic: Liver failure Neurologic: Drug-induced encephalopathy Ophthalmic: Glaucoma, Myopia, Visual field defect (epilepsy, 0.1% to 1%) Psychiatric: Suicidal thoughts Renal: Nephrolithiasis (adults, 1% to 3%) Lamotrigine (Lamictal) Common Dermatologic: Rash (7% to 14%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (immediate-release, 5% to 10%), Diarrhea (immediate-release, 6% to 11%; extended-release, 5%), Indigestion (immediate-release, 2% to 7%), Nausea (immediate- release, 7% to 25%; extended-release, 7%), Vomiting (immediate- release, 5% to 20%; extended-release, 6%)) Neurologic: Asthenia (immediate-release, 2% to 8%; extended- release, 6%), Ataxia (immediate-release, 2% to 11%), Coordination problem (immediate-release, 6% to 7%; extended-release, 3%), Dizziness (immediate-release, 7% to 54%; extended release, 14%), Headache (immediate-release, 29%), Insomnia (immediate-release, 5% to 10%), Somnolence (immediate-release, 9% to 17%; extended-release, 5%), Tremor (immediate-release, 4% to 10%; extended-release, 6%), Vertigo (immediate-release, 2%; extended- release, 3%) Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (immediate-release, 11% to 25% (adults) and 4% (children); extended-release, 3%), Diplopia (immediate-release, 24% to 49% (adults) and 5% (children); extended-release, 5%) Psychiatric: Anxiety (immediate-release, 4%; extended-release, 3%), Depression (immediate-release, 4%; extended-release, 3%) Reproductive: Dysmenorrhea (immediate-release, 5% to 7%) Respiratory: Rhinitis (immediate-release, 7% to 14%) Other: Pain (immediate-release, 5%) Serious Dermatologic: Erythema multiforme (less than 0.1%), Rash, Serious (0.08% to 0.8%), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (0.08% to 0.8%.), Toxic epidermal necrolysis (0.08% to 0.8%) Hematologic: Anemia (immediate release, less than 0.1%), Disseminated intravascular coagulation, Eosinophilia (immediate release, less than 0.1%), Leukopenia (immediate release, 0.1% to 1%), Thrombocytopenia (immediate release, less than 0.1%) Hepatic: Liver failure Immunologic: Drug hypersensitivity syndrome Neurologic: Aseptic meningitis Other: Angioedema (less than 0.1%), Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Levetiracetam (Keppra) Common Gastrointestinal: Loss of appetite (3% to 8%), Vomiting (15%) Immunologic: Infectious disease (13%) Musculoskeletal: Decreased bone mineral density (70%), Neck pain (2% to 8%) Neurologic: Asthenia (15%), Dizziness (5% to 9%), Headache (14% to 19%) Psychiatric: Abnormal behavior (7% to 37.6%), Irritability (6% to 12%) Respiratory: Cough (2% to 9%), Nasopharyngitis (7% to 15%) Other: Fatigue (10% to 11%) Serious Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis due to drug Hematologic: Decreased erythrocyte production, Decreased white blood cell count (2.4% to 3.2%), Eosinophilia (8.6%), Neutropenia (partial onset seizures, adults, 2.4%), Pancytopenia, Thrombocytopenia Hepatic: Liver failure Neurologic: Somnolence (8% to 45%) Psychiatric: Suicidal intent (0.5%), Suicide Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Common Cardiovascular: Orthostatic hypotension (More than 5%), Peripheral edema (3% to 6%) Endocrine metabolic: Hypercholesterolemia (Adult, up to 26%; adolescent, up to 53%), Hyperglycemia (Adult, up to 20%; adolescent, up to 14%), Hyperprolactinemia (30% to 61.1%), Increased appetite (Adult, 3% to 24%; adolescent, 17% to 29%), Serum triglycerides raised (20.8% to 40%), Weight increased, 7% or greater (Adult, 22.2% to 64%; adolescent, 40.6% to 89%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (4% to 11%), Xerostomia (Adult, up to 32%; adolescent, 4% to 7%) Neurologic: Akathisia (5% to 27%), Asthenia (2% to 20%), Dizziness (Adult, 1.6% to 18%; adolescent, 7% to 8%), Somnolence (IM, 6%; oral, 20% to 52%), Tremor (1% to 23%) Psychiatric: Personality disorder (8%) Serious Cardiovascular: Sudden cardiac death Endocrine metabolic: Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic coma with ketoacidosis, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state Gastrointestinal: Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis Hematologic: Leukopenia, Venous thromboembolism Immunologic: Hypersensitivity reaction Risperidone (Risperdal) Common Dermatologic: Rash (oral, adults, 1% to 4%; pediatrics, up to 11%; IM, less than 4%) Endocrine metabolic: Hyperprolactinemia (oral, adults, less than 1%; pediatrics, 49% to 87%; IM, less than 4%), Weight increased (oral, adult, 8.7% to 20.9%; pediatric, 14% to 32.6%; IM, adult, 8% to 10%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (oral, 8% to 21%; IM, 5% to 7%), Diarrhea (oral, 1% to 8%; IM, less than 4%), Excessive salivation (oral, 1% to 10%; IM, 1% to 4%), Increased appetite (oral, adult, more than 5%; pediatric, 4% to 47%; IM, 4%), Indigestion (oral, 2% to 10%; IM, 6%), Nausea (oral, 4% to 16%; IM, 3% to 4%), Upper abdominal pain (oral, adult, more than 5%; pediatric, 13% to 16%), Vomiting (oral, 10% to 25%; IM, less than 4%), Xerostomia (oral, 4% to 15%; IM, up to 7%) Neurologic: Akathisia (oral, up to 10%; IM, 4% to 11%), Dizziness (oral, 4% to 16%; IM, 3% to 11%), Dystonia (oral, adult, 3% to 5%; pediatric, 2% to 6%; IM, adult, less than 4%), Parkinsonism (oral, 6% to 28%; IM, 8% to 15%), Sedated (oral, adult, 3% to 6%; pediatric, 8% to 29%), Tremor (oral, 2% to 12%; IM, 3% to 24%) Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (oral, 1% to 7%; IM, 2% to 3%) Psychiatric: Anxiety (oral, up to 16% IM, less than 4%) Respiratory: Cough (oral, adults, 2%; pediatrics, 24%; IM, 2% to 4%), Nasal congestion (oral, adult, 4% to 6%; pediatric, 13%), Nasopharyngitis (oral, adult, 3% to 4%; pediatric, 21%), Pain in throat (oral, adult, more than 5%; pediatric, 3% to 10%), Upper respiratory infection (oral, 2% to 8%; IM, 2% and 6%) Other: Fatigue (oral, adult, 1% to 3%; pediatric, 18% to 42%; IM, 3% to 9%), Pain, General (IM, 1% to 4%) Serious Cardiovascular: Prolonged QT interval, Sudden cardiac death, Syncope (oral, up to 1%; IM, up to 2%) Endocrine metabolic: Diabetic ketoacidosis, Hypothermia Gastrointestinal: Pancreatitis Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Leukopenia, Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident (oral, less than 5%; IM, less than 4%), Seizure (oral, 0.3%; IM, 0.3%), Tardive dyskinesia (oral, less than 5%; IM, less than 4%) Reproductive: Priapism Respiratory: Pulmonary embolism Other: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (oral, adults, less than 1%; pediatrics, less than 5%) Hydrocodone/ Common APAP (Generics) Gastrointestinal: Nausea and vomiting Neurologic: Dizziness, Lightheadedness, Sedated Serious Dermatologic: Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Thrombocytopenia Hepatic: Hepatotoxicity, Liver failure Respiratory: Respiratory depression Tramadol (Ultram) Common Dermatologic: Flushing (7.7% to 15.8%), Pruritus (3% to 11.9%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (10% to 46%), Nausea (13% to 40%), Vomiting (3% to 17%), Xerostomia (1% to 10%) Neurologic: Dizziness (7% to 33%), Headache (3% to 32%), Insomnia (1% to 10.9%), Somnolence (4% to 25%) Serious Cardiovascular: Myocardial infarction (0.5% to less than 1%) Endocrine metabolic: Hypoglycemia (Very rare) Gastrointestinal: Pancreatitis (0.5% to less than 1%) Immunologic: Anaphylactoid reaction (less than 1%) Neurologic: Seizure Respiratory: Dyspnea (less than 5%), Respiratory depression Other: Serotonin syndrome (less than 1%) Oxycodone/APAP (Percocet) Common Gastrointestinal: Constipation (extended-release, 4%), Nausea (extended-release, 31%), Vomiting (extended-release, 9%) Neurologic: Dizziness (extended-release, 13%), Headache (extended-release, 10%), Lightheadedness, Sedated, Somnolence (extended-release, 4%) Serious Cardiovascular: Disorder of pulmonary circulation, Hypotension, Shock Dermatologic: Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Neutropenia Hepatic: Hepatic necrosis, Hepatotoxicity, Liver failure Immunologic: Anaphylaxis, Hypersensitivity reaction Respiratory: Apnea, Respiratory arrest, Respiratory depression Other: Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Oxycodone (OxyContin) See Oxycodone above Codeine/APAP (Tylenol #2) Common Gastrointestinal: Nausea, Vomiting Neurologic: Dizziness, Lightheadedness, Sedated, Somnolence Serious Dermatologic: Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Thrombocytopenia Hepatic: Liver failure Immunologic: Hypersensitivity reaction Respiratory: Respiratory depression Alprazolam (Xanax) See Alprazolam above Clonazepam (Klonopin) See Clonazepam above Diazepam (Valium) See Diazepam above Lorazepam (Ativan) Common Neurologic: Asthenia (4.2%), Dizziness (6.9%), Sedated (15.9%), Unsteadiness present (3.4%) Psychiatric: Depression Serious Endocrine metabolic: Acidosis (less than 1%) Psychiatric: Delirium Buspirone (Buspar) Common Gastrointestinal: Nausea (8%) Neurologic: Dizziness (12%), Headache (6%), Somnolence (10%) Psychiatric: Feeling nervous (5%) Serious Cardiovascular: Congestive heart failure (less than 0.1%), Myocardial infarction (less than 0.1%) Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident (less than 0.1%) Hydroxyzine (Vistaril) Common Gastrointestinal: Xerostomia Neurologic: Headache, Somnolence Escitalopram (Lexapro) Common Dermatologic: Diaphoresis (3% to 8%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (2%), Constipation (3% to 6%), Diarrhea (6% to 14%), Indigestion (2% to 6%), Nausea (15% to 18%), Vomiting (up to 3%), Xerostomia (4% to 9%) Neurologic: Dizziness (4% to 7%), Headache (24%), Insomnia (7% to 14%), Somnolence (4% to 13%) Reproductive: Disorder of ejaculation (9% to 14%), Erectile dysfunction (3%), Orgasm incapacity (females, 2% to 6%), Reduced libido (3% to 7%) Other: Fatigue (5% to 8%) Serious Psychiatric: Depression, worsening, Suicidal thoughts, Suicide Other: Serotonin syndrome Sertraline (Zoloft) Common Gastrointestinal: Constipation (3% to 8%), Diarrhea (13% to 24%), Indigestion (6% to 13%), Nausea (13% to 30%), Nausea and vomiting (2% to 30%) Neurologic: Dizziness (6% to 17%), Headache (25%), Insomnia (12% to 28%), Somnolence (2% to 15%), Tremor (5% to 11%) Reproductive: Abnormal ejaculation (7% to 19%), Reduced libido (up to 11%) Other: Fatigue (10% to 16%) Serious Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome Endocrine metabolic: Hyponatremia Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage Immunologic: Anaphylaxis Musculoskeletal: Rhabdomyolysis Neurologic: Seizure (rare) Psychiatric: Depression, Exacerbation, Mania (rare), Suicidal thoughts (rare), Suicide (rare) Other: Serotonin syndrome Trazodone (Desyrel) Common Gastrointestinal: Constipation (7% to 8%), Diarrhea (up to 9%), Nausea (21%), Vomiting (at least 1%), Xerostomia (14% to 33.8%) Musculoskeletal: Backache (5%) Neurologic: Confusion (up to 5.7%), Dizziness (25%), Headache (9.9% to 33%), Insomnia (6.4% to 9.9%), Somnolence (23.9% to 46%) Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (5% to 14.7%) Psychiatric: Dream disorder (up to 5.1%), Feeling nervous (6.4% to 14.8%) Other: Fatigue (5.7% to 15%) Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiac dysrhythmia, Hypotension (3.8% to 7%), Prolonged QT interval, Torsades de pointes Immunologic: Hypersensitivity reaction (less than 1%) Neurologic: Seizure (rare), Serotonin syndrome Psychiatric: Suicidal thoughts (rare), Suicide Reproductive: Priapism Duloxetine (Cymbalta) Common Cardiovascular: Hypertension (2%) Dermatologic: Diaphoresis (Adult, 6%; pediatric, less than 2%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (9% to 10%), Decrease in appetite (6% to 10%), Diarrhea (Adult, 9%; pediatric, 6%), Nausea (18% to 23%), Xerostomia (Adult, 11% to 14%; pediatric, 2%) Neurologic: Asthenia, Dizziness (Adult, 9%; pediatric, 8%), Headache (Adult, 13% to 14%; pediatric, 18%), Hypersomnia, Insomnia (7% to 10%), Sedated, Somnolence Other: Fatigue Serious Cardiovascular: Hypertensive crisis, Myocardial infarction (0.01% to 0.001%), Orthostatic hypotension Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage Hematologic: Bleeding, Abnormal Hepatic: Liver failure Psychiatric: Suicidal thoughts Other: Serotonin syndrome, Withdrawal sign or symptom (1% or greater) Citalopram (Celexa) Common Dermatologic: Diaphoresis (5% to 18%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (13%), Diarrhea (8%), Nausea (20% to 21%), Vomiting (4% to 20%), Xerostomia (17% to 20%) Neurologic: Dizziness (14%), Headache (18%), Insomnia (15%), Sedated (15%), Somnolence (18%), Tremor (8% to 16%) Psychiatric: Agitation (3% to 10%) Reproductive: Disorder of ejaculation (6.1%) Other: Fatigue (5%) Serious Cardiovascular: Myocardial infarction (0.1% to 1%), Prolonged QT interval (0.5% to 1.9%), Torsades de pointes Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident (0.1% to less than 1%) Psychiatric: Suicidal thoughts, Suicide Other: Serotonin syndrome Aripiprazole (Abilify) Common Endocrine metabolic: Weight increased, 7% or greater (2.5% to 21.5%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (5% to 11%), Nausea (8% to 15%), Vomiting (3% to 11%) Neurologic: Akathisia (2% to 25%), Dizziness (4% to 10%), Extrapyramidal sign (2% to 27.3%), Headache (10% to 27%), Insomnia (8% to 18%), Sedated (3% to 21%), Somnolence (6% to 26.3%), Tremor (2% to 11.8%) Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (3% to 8%) Psychiatric: Anxiety (4% to 17%), Restlessness (2% to 12%) Other: Fatigue (2% to 17%) Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiorespiratory arrest (0.1% to 1%), Cardiorespiratory failure (0.1% to 1%), Myocardial infarction (0.1% to 1%), Prolonged QT interval (0.1% to 1%) Endocrine metabolic: Diabetic ketoacidosis (Less than 0.1%) Gastrointestinal: Pancreatitis (Lss than 0.1%) Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Leukopenia (Less than 1%), Neutropenia (Less than 1%) Musculoskeletal: Rhabdomyolysis (Less than 0.1%) Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident, Seizure (Up to 0.3%), Tardive dyskinesia, Transient ischemic attack Psychiatric: At risk for suicide, Suicidal behavior Other: Angioedema (0.1% to less than 1%), Increased body temperature, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Paroxetine (Paxil) Common Cardiovascular: Palpitations (up to 3%), Vasodilatation (2% to 4%) Dermatologic: Diaphoresis (5% to 14%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (up to 16%), Diarrhea (up to 18%), Loss of appetite (up to 9%), Nausea (up to 26%), Xerostomia (9% to 18%) Neurologic: Asthenia (up to 22%), Dizziness (6% to 14%), Headache (17% to 27%), Insomnia (up to 24%), Somnolence (up to 24%), Tremor (4% to 11%) Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (up to 5%) Reproductive: Abnormal ejaculation (13% to 28%), Erectile dysfunction (2% to 9%), Orgasm disorder (females; 2% to 9%), Reduced libido (males: 6% to 15%; females: 0% to 9%) Respiratory: Yawning (4%) Serious Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Hepatic: Acute hepatitis (rare) Neurologic: Seizure (0.1%) Psychiatric: Depression, exacerbation, Suicidal thoughts (rare), Suicide (rare) Other: Serotonin syndrome Fluoxetine (Prozac) Common Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (8% to 18%), Indigestion (6% to 10%), Loss of appetite (3.8% to 17%), Nausea (12% to 29%), Xerostomia (4% to 12%) Neurologic: Asthenia (7% to 21%), Dizziness (2% to 11%), Insomnia (9% to 33%), Somnolence (5% to 17%), Tremor (3% to 13%) Psychiatric: Anxiety (3% to 15%), Feeling nervous (3% to 14%) Respiratory: Pharyngitis (3% to 11%), Rhinitis (16% to 23%) Other: Influenza-like symptoms (3% to 12%) Serious Cardiovascular: Prolonged QT interval Dermatologic: Erythema multiforme Endocrine metabolic: Hyponatremia Hematologic: Bleeding Immunologic: Anaphylactoid reaction Neurologic: Seizure (0.2%) Psychiatric: Depression, worsening, Mania, Suicidal thoughts, Suicide Other: Serotonin syndrome Venlafaxine (Effexor) Common Cardiovascular: Hypertension (3% to 13%) Dermatologic: Sweating symptom (6.7% to 25%) Endocrine metabolic: Weight loss (3% to 47%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (8% to 15%), Loss of appetite (8% to 22%), Nausea (21% to 58%), Xerostomia (12% to 22%) Neurologic: Asthenia (8% to 19%), Dizziness (11% to 23.9%), Dream disorder (3% to 7%), Headache (25% to 38%), Insomnia (14% to 24%), Somnolence (14% to 26%), Tremor (1.1% to 10.2%) Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (4% to 6%) Psychiatric: Feeling nervous (4% to 21.3%) Reproductive: Abnormal ejaculation (2.2% to 19%), Erectile dysfunction (2.1% to 6%), Orgasm disorder (2% to 5%) Serious Endocrine metabolic: Hyponatremia Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage (rare) Hematologic: Bleeding, Abnormal Hepatic: Hepatitis Neurologic: Seizure (0.3%) Psychiatric: Depression, exacerbation (rare), Hypomania, Mania, Suicidal thoughts (rare), Suicide Other: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Serotonin syndrome Amitriptyline (Elavil) Common Endocrine metabolic: Weight gain Gastrointestinal: Constipation, Xerostomia Neurologic: Dizziness, Headache, Somnolence Ophthalmic: Blurred vision Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiac dysrhythmia, Electrocardiogram abnormal, Myocardial infarction, Prolonged QT interval, Sudden cardiac death Hematologic: Agranulocytosis Hepatic: Hepatotoxicity, Jaundice (rare) Neurologic: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Seizure Psychiatric: Depression, worsening, Suicidal thoughts, Suicide Bupropion (Wellbutrin) Common Cardiovascular: Tachycardia (major depressive disorder, 11%) Endocrine metabolic: Weight gain (2% to 9%), Weight loss (major depressive disorder, 14% to 19%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (2% to 9%), Constipation (5% to 10%), Nausea (13% to 18%), Xerostomia (17% to 26%) Neurologic: Confusion (major depressive disorder, 8%), Dizziness (6% to 11%), Headache (25% to 34%), Insomnia (11% to 20%) Psychiatric: Agitation (2% to 9%) Respiratory: Nasopharyngitis (seasonal affective disorder, 13%), Pharyngitis (major depressive disorder, 3% to 11%), Upper respiratory infection (seasonal affective disorder, 9%) Serious Cardiovascular: Complete atrioventricular block, Myocardial infarction Gastrointestinal: Colitis, Pancreatitis Hematologic: Pancytopenia Hepatic: Abnormal liver function, Hepatitis, Jaundice, Liver damage Immunologic: Anaphylactoid reaction, Anaphylaxis, Delayed hypersensitivity disorder Musculoskeletal: Rhabdomyolysis Neurologic: Seizure (major depressive disorder, 0.1% to 0.4%) Psychiatric: Delusional disorder, Depression, Worsening, Hallucinations, Hostile behavior (major depressive disorder, 6%), Hypomania, Mania, Precipitation of episode, Paranoid ideation, Psychotic disorder, Activation, Suicidal behavior, Suicidal thoughts Respiratory: Pulmonary embolism Other: Angioedema Nortriptyline (Pamelor) Common Gastrointestinal: Constipation Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiac dysrhythmia, Heart block, Myocardial infarction, Prolonged QT interval, Sudden cardiac death Endocrine metabolic: Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion Gastrointestinal: Paralytic ileus Hematologic: Bone marrow depression Hepatic: Fulminant hepatic failure, Jaundice (rare) Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident, Myoclonus, Seizure Psychiatric: Depression, worsening, Mania, Psychotic disorder, exacerbation, Suicidal thoughts, Suicide Other: Angioedema Mirtazepine (Remeron) Common Endocrine metabolic: Increased appetite (17%), Serum triglycerides raised (increases to 500 mg/dL or greater: 6%), Weight gain (body weight increase of 7% or greater: adults 7.5%; pediatrics 49%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (13%), Xerostomia (25%) Hepatic: ALT/SGPT level raised (2%) Neurologic: Asthenia (8%), Dizziness (7%), Somnolence (54%) Psychiatric: Disturbance in thinking (3%) Serious Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Neutropenia Hepatic: Cirrhosis of liver (less than 0.1%) Neurologic: Grand mal seizure (less than 0.1%), Status epilepticus Psychiatric: Depression, exacerbation, Suicidal thoughts, Suicide Other: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Serotonin syndrome (less than 0.1%) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) See Olanzapine above Risperidone (Risperdal) See Resperidone above Antiepileptics Divalproex (Depakote) Common Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (9% to 23%), Diarrhea (13% to 23%), Indigestion (8% to 11%), Loss of appetite (4% to 12%), Nausea (26% to 48%), Vomiting (15% to 27%) Musculoskeletal: Backache (Complex partial seizures, greater than 1% to less than 5%; migraine, 8%) Neurologic: Asthenia (6% to 27%), Dizziness (up to 25%), Feeling nervous (up to 11%), Headache (31%), Insomnia (up to 15%), Somnolence (Adult, 7% to 30%; pediatric, greater than 5%), Tremor (1% to 57%) Ophthalmic: Amblyopia, Blurred vision, Diplopia (16%) Other: Infectious disease (12% to 20%), Influenza (12%) Serious Cardiovascular: Palpitations (greater than 1% to less than 5%), Tachycardia (greater than 1% to less than 5%) Endocrine metabolic: Hyperammonemia Gastrointestinal: Pancreatitis (greater than 1% to less than 5%) Hematologic: Myelodysplastic syndrome, Thrombocytopenia, Dose-related (1% to 27%) Hepatic: Liver failure Immunologic: Drug hypersensitivity syndrome (rare) Neurologic: Hyperammonemic encephalopathy Otic: Ototoxicity - deafness (greater than 1% to less than 5%) Ropinirole (Requip) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension (2% to 25%), Orthostatic hypotension (Up to 23%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (6% to 7%), Constipation (4% to 5%), Nausea (11% to 60%), Vomiting (7% to 12%) Neurologic: Dizziness (Parkinson disease, 6% to 40%; restless legs syndrome, 11%), Dyskinesia (13% to 34%), Headache (6%), Somnolence (Parkinson disease, 7% to 40%; restless leg syndrome, 12%) Other: Fatigue (8% to 11%) Serious Cardiovascular: Sinus node dysfunction, Syncope (Parkinson disease, 1% to 12%; restless leg syndrome, 1%) Neurologic: Sleep attack Psychiatric: Hallucinations (5% to 10%) Pramipexole (Mirapex) Common Cardiovascular: Orthostatic hypotension (Immediate release, 53%; extended-release, 3%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (immediate-release, 4% to 14%; extended-release, 7% to 14%), Nausea (immediate-release, 11% to 28%; extended-release, 11% to 22%) Neurologic: Amnesia (4% to 6%), Asthenia (Immediate-release, 10% to 14%; extended-release, 3%), Confusion (4% to 10%), Dizziness (Immediate-release, 3% to 26%; extended-release, 2% to 12%), Dream disorder (Up to 11%), Dyskinesia (Immediate- release, 18% to 47%; extended-release, 17%), Extrapyramidal movements (28%), Headache (Immediate-release, 4% to 16%; extended-release, 7%), Insomnia (Immediate-release, 4% to 27%; extended-release, 4%) Psychiatric: Hallucinations (5% to 17%) Serious Cardiovascular: Heart failure Dermatologic: Malignant melanoma Neurologic: Sleep attack (2% to 6%), Somnolence (Immediate- release, 6% to 33%;; extended-release, 15% to 36%) Psychiatric: Disturbance in thinking, Psychotic disorder Other: Malignant melanoma, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Methylphenidate (Concerta) See Methylphenidate above Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) Common Dermatologic: Rash (pediatrics, 3%) Endocrine metabolic: Decreased body growth, Weight decreased (pediatrics, 9%) Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (adults, 7%), Loss of appetite (adults, 8% to 27%; pediatrics, 34% to 39%), Nausea (adults, 7%; pediatrics, 6%), Upper abdominal pain (pediatrics, 12%), Vomiting (pediatrics, 9%), Xerostomia (Adults, 26% to 36%; pediatrics, 4% to 5%) Neurologic: Dizziness (pediatrics, 5%), Insomnia (Adults, 20% to 27%; pediatrics, 13% to 23%) Psychiatric: Anxiety (Adults, 5% to 6%), Irritability (pediatrics, 10%) Serious Cardiovascular: Chest pain, Myocardial infarction, Peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud's disease, Sudden cardiac death, Tachycardia, Ventricular hypertrophy Immunologic: Anaphylaxis Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident, Seizure Amphetamine/Dextro- See Adderall above amphetamine (Adderall) Dalteparin (Fragmin), Common Danaparoid (Orgaran) Dermatologic: Hematoma, Injection site (7% to 35%), Injection site pain (4.5% to 12%) Other: Irritation symptom, Local Serious Hematologic: Epidural hematoma, Hematoma, Spinal, Hemorrhage, Major (up to 13.6%), Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction (8%), Intracranial hemorrhage, Subdural hemorrhage, Intrauterine, Thrombocytopenia (Non-cancer indications, less than 1%; patients with cancer, 10.9% to 13.6%) Hepatic: Increased liver function test (up to 4.3%) Immunologic: Anaphylactoid reaction (rare) Neurologic: Paralysis Enoxaparin (Lovenox) Common Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (2.2%), Nausea (2.5% to 3%) Hematologic: Anemia (up to 16%), Bleeding, Major (up to 4%), Thrombocytopenia (less than 3%) Hepatic: Increased liver function test (5.9% to 6.1%) Other: Fever (up to 8%) Serious Cardiovascular: Atrial fibrillation (0.7%), Heart failure (0.95%) Dermatologic: Eczematous drug eruption, Skin necrosis Hematologic: Hematoma, Hemorrhage (4% to 13%) Neurologic: Intracranial hemorrhage (0.8%), Paraplegia Respiratory: Pneumonia (0.82%) Heparin (various) Common Hematologic: Thrombocytopenia (up to 30%) Hepatic: Increased liver aminotransferase level Serious Hematologic: Hemorrhage (5% to 10%), Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (1% to 10%), Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis (less than 1%) Immunologic: Hypersensitivity reaction Neurologic: Non-traumatic spinal subdural hematoma Tinzaparin (Innohep) Common Dermatologic: Erythema (16%) Hepatic: Increased liver function test, Asymptomatic (9% to 13%) Neurologic: Pain, Local (16%) Other: Irritation symptom, Local (16%) Serious Hematologic: Bleeding, Major (0.8%), Granulocytopenic disorder (rare), Hematoma, spinal/epidural, Pancytopenia (rare), Thrombocytopenia (1%), Thrombocytopenia (Severe) (0.13%) Immunologic: Anaphylaxis (rare) Neurologic: Paralysis Reproductive: Priapism (rare) Warfarin (Coumadin) Common Dermatologic: Alopecia Serious Cardiovascular: Cholesterol embolus syndrome, Gangrenous disorder (less than 0.1%) Dermatologic: Tissue necrosis (less than 0.1%) Hematologic: Bleeding, Hemorrhage Immunologic: Hypersensitivity reaction Musculoskeletal: Compartment syndrome Neurologic: Intracranial hemorrhage Ophthalmic: Intraocular hemorrhage Dabigatran (Pradaxa) Common Gastrointestinal: Esophagitis, Gastritis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Atrial fibrillation, 5.5%), Gastrointestinal hemorrhage (DVT and pulmonary embolism, 0.7% to 3.1%; nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 6.1%), Gastrointestinal ulcer, Indigestion (DVT and pulmonary embolism, 7.5%) Hematologic: Bleeding (DVT and pulmonary embolism prophylaxis, 10.5%; nonvalvularatrial fibrillation, 16.6%) Serious Cardiovascular: Myocardial infarction (DVT and pulmonary embolism, 0.32% to 0.66%; nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 0.7%) Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, Major (DVT and pulmonary embolism, 0.3% to 0.6%; nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 1.6%) Hematologic: Bleeding, Major (DVT and pulmonary embolism, 0.3% to 1.4%; nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 3.3%), Thrombosis Immunologic: Anaphylaxis Neurologic: Epidural hematoma, Intracranial hemorrhage (nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 0.3%; DVT and pulmonary embolism, 0.1%), Traumatic spinal subdural hematoma Respiratory: Bleeding, Alveolar Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) Common Hematologic: Bleeding (Hip/knee replacement, 5.8%; DVT/pulmonary embolism, 17.4% to 28.3%) Serious Cardiovascular: Syncope (1.2%) Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage (nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 3.1%) Hematologic: Bleeding, Major (Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 5.6%; hip/knee replacement, 0.3%; DVT/pulmonary embolism, 1%), Epidural hematoma, Hematoma, Spinal Immunologic: Anaphylaxis, Hypersensitivity reaction Other: Drug withdrawal, Stroke and non-CNS embolism Apixaban (Eliquis) Common Dermatologic: Contusion (1.4% to 2.2%) Gastrointestinal: Bleeding gums (Less than 0.1% to 1.4%) Hematologic: Hematoma (DVT, 1.3% to 1.5%) Reproductive: Menorrhagia (1.4%) Respiratory: Epistaxis (DVT and pulmonary embolism, 1.5% to 3.6%; DVT prophylaxis, 0.1% to less than 1%), Hemoptysis (Less than 0.1% to 1.2%) Serious Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage (atrial fibrillation, 0.83%/year; DVT prophylaxis, 0.1% to less than 1%; DVT and pulmonary embolism, 0.1% to less than 1%), Hematochezia (0.1% to less than 1%), Rectal hemorrhage (Less than 0.1% to 1%) Hematologic: Bleeding (atrial fibrillation, 2.08%/year; DVT prophylaxis, 2.88% to 4.83%), Bleeding, Major (0.1% to 2.13%), Hemorrhage (0.1% to 1.4%), Hemorrhage, Operative (DVT prophylaxis, 0.1% to less than 1%) Hepatic: Alkaline phosphatase raised (DVT prophylaxis, 0.1% to less than 1%), Liver function tests abnormal (DVT prophylaxis, 0.1% to less than 1%), Serum bilirubin raised (DVT prophylaxis, 0.1% to less than 1%) Immunologic: Hypersensitivity reaction (atrial fibrillation, less than 1%) Musculoskeletal: Hemorrhage of muscle (Less than 0.1% to less than 1%) Neurologic: Epidural hematoma, Intracranial hemorrhage (atrial fibrillation, 0.33% to 0.34%/year), Non-traumatic spinal subdural hematoma, Traumatic spinal subdural hematoma Ophthalmic: Conjunctival hemorrhage (0.1% to less than 1%), Intraocular hemorrhage (Less than 0.1% to less than 1%), Retinal hemorrhage (0.1% to less than 1%) Renal: Hematuria (DVT, 1.4% to 2.1%; DVT prophylaxis, 0.1% to less than 1%) Edoxaban (Savaysa) Common Dermatologic: Rash (3.6% to 4.2%) Hematologic: Anemia (Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 9.6%; DVT or pulmonary embolism, 1.7%), Bleeding, Clinically Relevant, Nonmajor (Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 9.4%; DVT or pulmonary embolism, 7.2%) Hepatic: Liver function tests abnormal (Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 4.8%; DVT or pulmonary embolism, 7.8%) Serious Hematologic: Bleeding, Major (Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 3.1%; DVT or pulmonary embolism, 1.4%) Neurologic: Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction (Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 0.3%), Intracranial hemorrhage (Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 0.5%; DVT or pulmonary embolism, 0.1%) Respiratory: Interstitial lung disease (Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 0.2%) Aspirin Serious Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal ulcer Hematologic: Bleeding Ophthalmic: Exudative age-related macular degeneration Otic: Tinnitus Respiratory: Bronchospasm Other: Angioedema, Reye's syndrome Ticlopidine Common Dermatologic: Rash (1% to 11.8%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Indigestion, Loss of appetite, Nausea Hematologic: Hemorrhage, Leukopenia Hepatic: Liver function tests abnormal Neurologic: Dizziness Serious Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Aplastic anemia (rare), Granulocytopenic disorder, Neutropenia (2.4%), Pancytopenia, Thrombocytopenia, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (rare) Clopidogrel (Plavix ®) Common Hematologic: Bleeding, Non-major (3.6% to 5.1%) Serious Cardiovascular: Coronary artery stent thrombosis Dermatologic: Fixed drug eruption Gastrointestinal: Colitis, Gastrointestinal hemorrhage (2%; 2.7% with aspirin) Hematologic: Agranulocytosis (Less than 1%), Aplastic anemia (less then 1%), Bleeding, Major (0.8% to 3.7%), Pancytopenia (Severe), Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Hepatic: Hepatitis, Hepatotoxicity, Liver failure Immunologic: Hypersensitivity reaction Neurologic: Epidural hematoma, Intracranial hemorrhage Ophthalmic: Intraocular hemorrhage (0.05%) Other: Drug withdrawal, Rebound effect Dipyridamole Common Cardiovascular: Chest pain (IV, up to 30%), Electrocardiogram abnormal (IV, 0.8% to 7.5%) Dermatologic: Flushing (IV, 3.4%), Rash (oral, 2.3%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal discomfort (oral, 6.1%) Neurologic: Dizziness (oral, 13.6%; IV, 11.8%), Headache (oral, 2.3%; IV, 12.2% to 20%) Respiratory: Dyspnea (IV, 2.6% to 25%) Serious Cardiovascular: Angina, Cardiac arrest, Myocardial infarction (IV, 0.1%), Myocardial ischemia, Ventricular fibrillation, Ventricular tachycardia (IV, 0.2%) Hepatic: Liver failure Immunologic: Hypersensitivity reaction Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident, Seizure Respiratory: Bronchospasm (IV, 0.2%) Benazepril (Lotensin) Common Neurologic: Dizziness (3.6%), Headache (6.2%) Respiratory: Cough (1.2%) Other: Fatigue (2.4%) Serious Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (less than 1%) Gastrointestinal: Intestinal angioedema Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Neutropenia Hepatic: Hepatic necrosis (rare), Increased liver enzymes (rare), Jaundice (rare) Immunologic: Anaphylactoid reaction Renal: Renal impairment Other: Angioedema, head and neck (0.5%) Captopril (Capoten) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension Dermatologic: Rash Endocrine metabolic: Hyperkalemia (11%) Gastrointestinal: Disorder of taste Respiratory: Cough (0.5% to 2%) Serious Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome Gastrointestinal: Intestinal angioedema Hematologic: Agranulocytosis (0.1% to 0.2%), Neutropenia (0.1% to 0.2%) Immunologic: Anaphylactoid reaction Other: Angioedema (0.1%) Enalapril (Vasotec) Common Endocrine metabolic: Hyperkalemia (1% to 3.8%) Neurologic: Dizziness (4.3% to 7.9%) Renal: Serum blood urea nitrogen raised (0.2% (hypertension) to 20% (hypertension with renal artery stenosis)), Serum creatinine raised (0.2% (hypertension) to 20% (hypertension with renal artery stenosis)) Other: Fatigue (3%) Serious Cardiovascular: Hypotension (0.9% to 6.7%) Gastrointestinal: Intestinal angioedema Hematologic: Agranulocytosis Hepatic: Hepatotoxicity, Liver failure Immunologic: Anaphylactoid reaction, during desensitization Renal: Acute renal failure, Renal impairment Other: Angioedema (0.1% to 1%) Fosinopril (Monopril) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension (2.4% to 4.4%) Endocrine metabolic: Hyperkalemia (2.6%) Gastrointestinal: Nausea and vomiting (1.2% to 2.2%) Neurologic: Dizziness (1.6% to 11.9%) Respiratory: Cough (2.2% to 9.7%) Serious Gastrointestinal: Intestinal angioedema Hematologic: Agranulocytosis Immunologic: Anaphylactoid reaction Renal: Acute renal failure, Azotemia, Oliguria Other: Angioedema, Head and Neck Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril) Common Cardiovascular: Chest pain, Hypotension (up to 11%), Syncope (5% to 7%) Neurologic: Dizziness (12% to 19%), Headache Respiratory: Cough Serious Cardiovascular: Hypotension (Severe) (9%) Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (1% or more), Toxic epidermal necrolysis (1% or more) Endocrine metabolic: Hyperkalemia (2.2% to 6%) Gastrointestinal: Intestinal angioedema Immunologic: Anaphylaxis due to hymenoptera venom, Dialysis membrane-induced anaphylactoid reaction Renal: Acute renal failure, Renal impairment (2.4%) Other: Angioedema, Head and Neck Moexipril (Univasc) Common Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (3.1%) Neurologic: Dizziness (4.3%) Respiratory: Cough (6.1%) Other: Influenza-like symptoms Serious Gastrointestinal: Intestinal angioedema Hematologic: Agranulocytosis Immunologic: Anaphylaxis due to hymenoptera venom, Dialysis membrane-induced anaphylactoid reaction Renal: Abnormal renal function Other: Angioedema, Head and Neck Perindopril (Aceon) Common Endocrine metabolic: Hyperkalemia Musculoskeletal: Backache (5.8%) Neurologic: Asthenia, Dizziness (8.2%), Headache Respiratory: Cough (12%) Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiac arrest, Orthostatic hypotension (0.8%) Gastrointestinal: Intestinal angioedema, Pancreatitis Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Bone marrow depression, Neutropenia Hepatic: Liver failure Renal: Acute renal failure Other: Angioedema (0.1% to 0.5%) Quinapril (Accupril) Common Cardiovascular: Chest pain (2.4%), Hypotension (2.9%) Gastrointestinal: Nausea and vomiting (1.4% to 2.4%) Neurologic: Dizziness (3.9% to 7.7%), Headache (1.7% to 6.9%) Respiratory: Cough (2% to 4.3%) Other: Fatigue (2.6%) Serious Gastrointestinal: Intestinal angioedema Hematologic: Agranulocytosis Immunologic: Anaphylactoid reaction (rare), Anaphylaxis due to hymenoptera venom, Dialysis membrane-induced anaphylactoid reaction Renal: Serum blood urea nitrogen raised (2% to 8%), Serum creatinine raised (2% to 11%) Other: Angioedema Ramipril (Altace) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension (11%) Neurologic: Asthenia, Dizziness (2.2% to 4%), Headache (5.4%) Respiratory: Cough (8% to 12%) Other: Fatigue Serious Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome Gastrointestinal: Intestinal angioedema, Pancreatitis Hepatic: Hepatic necrosis, Hepatotoxicity Immunologic: Anaphylactoid reaction Other: Angioedema, Head and Neck Trandolapril (Mavik) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension (0.6% to 11%), Syncope (5.9%) Endocrine metabolic: Hyperkalemia (0.3% to 5.3%) Gastrointestinal: Indigestion (0.3% to 6.4%) Neurologic: Dizziness (1.3% to 23%) Renal: Serum blood urea nitrogen raised (9%) Respiratory: Cough (1.9% to 35%) Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiogenic shock (3.8%), Intermittent claudication (3.8%) Gastrointestinal: Intestinal angioedema Hematologic: Agranulocytosis Immunologic: Anaphylaxis due to hymenoptera venom, Dialysis membrane-induced anaphylactoid reaction Other: Angioedema Candesartan (Atacand) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension (18.8%) Musculoskeletal: Backache (3%.) Neurologic: Dizziness (less than 5%) Respiratory: Pharyngitis (2%), Rhinitis (2%), Upper respiratory infection (6%) Eprosartan (Teveten) Common Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain Musculoskeletal: Myalgia (1.9%) Neurologic: Dizziness (3.8%) Respiratory: Upper respiratory infection Other: Fatigue (1.4%) Serious Dermatologic: Edema of face (rare) Hematologic: Neutropenia (1.3%) Irbesartan (Avapro) Common Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, Heartbum Neurologic: Headache Respiratory: Upper respiratory infection Other: Fatigue Serious Hematologic: Thrombocytopenia Hepatic: Cholestasis, Hepatitis Musculoskeletal: Rhabdomyolysis Renal: Renal failure Other: Angioedema, face, lips, throat Losartan (Cozaar) Common Cardiovascular: Chest pain (12%), Hypotension (7%) Endocrine metabolic: Hyperkalemia (7%), Hypoglycemia (14%) Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (15%) Hematologic: Anemia (14%) Neurologic: Asthenia, Dizziness (3%) Respiratory: Cough (10%) Other: Fatigue Serious Hepatic: Hepatotoxicity Musculoskeletal: Rhabdomyolysis Renal: Acute renal failure Other: Angioedema Telmisartan (Micardis)) Common Respiratory: Cough (1.6% to 15.6%), Upper respiratory infection (7%) Serious Musculoskeletal: Rhabdomyolysis (rare) Valsartan (Diovan) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension (5.5% to 6.9%) Neurologic: Dizziness (2% to 17%), Headache (greater than 1%) Renal: Serum blood urea nitrogen raised (heart failure, 16.6%), Serum creatinine raised (hypertension, 0.8%; heart failure, 3.9%; post-myocardial infarction, 4.2%) Respiratory: Cough Serious Renal: Acute renal failure Other: Angioedema, Face, lips, throat Sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension (18%) Endocrine metabolic: Hyperkalemia (12%) Neurologic: Dizziness (6%) Serious Renal: Renal failure (5%) Other: Angioedema (0.5%) Acebutolol (Sectral) Common Neurologic: Dizziness (6%), Headache (6%) Other: Fatigue (11%) Serious Cardiovascular: Angina (2%), Bradyarrhythmia (2%), Heart failure (2%) Hepatic: Hepatotoxicity (rare) Immunologic: Anaphylaxis, Systemic lupus erythematosus (rare.) Atenolol (Tenormin) Common Cardiovascular: Bradyarrhythmia (3% to 18%), Cold extremities (12%), Hypotension (4% to 25%) Neurologic: Dizziness (13%) Psychiatric: Depression (up to 12%) Other: Fatigue (up to 26%) Serious Cardiovascular: Heart failure, Myocardial infarction, Ventricular arrhythmia Endocrine metabolic: Thyrotoxicosis Immunologic: Anaphylaxis, Systemic lupus erythematosus Respiratory: Pulmonary embolism (1.2%) Other: Withdrawal sign or sy Betaxolol (Kerlone) Common Cardiovascular: Bradyarrhythmia (5.8% to 8.1%) Gastrointestinal: Indigestion (3.9% to 4.7%), Nausea (1.6% to 5.8%) Musculoskeletal: Arthralgia (3.1% to 5.2%), Chest pain (2.4% to 7.1%) Ophthalmic: Burning sensation in eye (30%, ophthalmic) Other: Fatigue (2.9% to 9.7%) Serious Cardiovascular: Atrioventricular block, Myocardial infarction Bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide Common (Ziac) Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (4.3%) Neurologic: Dizziness (5.1%), Headache (4.5%) Other: Fatigue (4.6%) Serious Cardiovascular: Heart failure Ophthalmic: Angle-closure glaucoma, acute, Myopia, Acute transient Respiratory: Bronchospasm Bisoprolol (Zebeta) Common Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (2.6% to 3.5%) Neurologic: Headache (8.8% to 10.9%) Respiratory: Rhinitis (2.9% to 4%), Upper respiratory infection (4.8% to 5%.) Other: Fatigue (6.6% to 8.2%) Carteolol (Cartrol) Common Cardiovascular: Angina Neurologic: Asthenia (7%.), Dizziness (4% to 15%.), Headache (4% to 17%.), Insomnia (2% to 12%.) Ophthalmic: Blurred vision, Burning sensation in eye (25%), Conjunctival edema (25%), Conjunctival hyperemia (25%), Epiphora (25%), Eye irritation (25%) Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiac dysrhythmia, Heart failure Respiratory: Bronchospasm Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol Common XL) Cardiovascular: Bradyarrhythmia (3%), Cold extremities (1%), Heart failure (1%), Hypotension (1%) Dermatologic: Pruritus (5%), Rash (5%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (1%), Diarrhea (5%), Indigestion (1%), Nausea (1%) Neurologic: Dizziness (10%), Fatigue (10%), Headache Psychiatric: Depression (5%) Respiratory: Dyspnea (3%), Wheezing (1%) Serious Respiratory: Bronchospasm (1%) Nadolol (Corgard) Common Cardiovascular: Bradyarrhythmia (2%) Neurologic: Dizziness (2%) Other: Fatigue (2%) Serious Cardiovascular: Atrioventricular block, Cardiac dysrhythmia (1%), Heart failure (1%) Propranolol (Inderal) Common Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, Vomiting Neurologic: Dizziness (Hypertension, 4% to 7%), Sleep disorder Other: Fatigue (5% to 7%) Serious Cardiovascular: Bradyarrhythmia, Cardiogenic shock, Congestive heart failure, Heart block, Heart failure, Hypotension, Prolonged PR interval, Shortened QT interval Dermatologic: Erythroderma, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Endocrine metabolic: Hypoglycemia Immunologic: Anaphylaxis Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident Respiratory: Bronchospasm Other: Withdrawal sign or symptom Sotalol (Betapace) Common Cardiovascular: Chest pain (Adult, 16%; pediatric, 4%), Lightheadedness (12%) Dermatologic: Rash (5%) Neurologic: Disturbance of consciousness (4%), Dizziness (13.1% to 20%), Headache (3.3% to 11.5%) Respiratory: Dyspnea (9.2% to 21%) Other: Fatigue (18.9% to 20%) Serious Cardiovascular: Atrioventricular block, Bradyarrhythmia (Adult, 12.3% to 16%; pediatric, 4%), Cardiac dysrhythmia (5%), Congestive heart failure (1.2% to 3.3%), Heart failure (5%), Prolonged QT interval, Torsades de pointes (0.5% to 4%) Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident (1%) Timolol (Blocadren) Common Cardiovascular: Angina, Bradyarrhythmia (5% to 9.1%, oral), Heart failure (8%, oral), Hypotension Dermatologic: Pruritus, Rash, Urticaria Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Indigestion, Nausea, Vomiting Musculoskeletal: Cramp Neurologic: Confusion (13%), Dizziness (2.3% to 6%, oral), Headache (1.7%, oral; 1% to 5%, ophthalmic) Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (Ophthalmic, 15% to 33%), Burning sensation in eye (Ophthalmic, 12.5% to 20%), Dry eyes Psychiatric: Depression (9.2%, ophthalmic), Hallucinations (11%), Psychotic disorder (3%) Respiratory: Cough, Dyspnea (1.7%, oral) Other: Fatigue (3.4% to 5%, oral), Infectious disease Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiac dysrhythmia (1%), Myocardial infarction (rare) Respiratory: Bronchospasm (0.6%, oral) carvedilol, Common brand Common names - Coreg* Cardiovascular: Bradyarrhythmia (3% to 10%), Hypotension (1.8% to 20.2%), Peripheral edema (1% to 7%) Endocrine metabolic: Abnormal weight gain (10% to 12%), Hyperglycemia (5% to 12%) Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (2% to 12%) Neurologic: Dizziness (6% to 33%) Reproductive: Erectile dysfunction (13.5%) Other: Fatigue (24%) Serious Cardiovascular: Atrioventricular block (greater than 1% to 3%) Dermatologic: Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Hematologic: Aplastic anemia Ophthalmic: Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome Respiratory: Asthma with status asthmaticus (rare) labetolol hydrochloride, Common Common brand names Cardiovascular: Orthostatic hypotension (1%, oral; 58%, IV) Normodyne*, Trandate* Dermatologic: Has tingling sensation (7%.) Gastrointestinal: Nausea (14%) Neurologic: Dizziness (9% to 20%) Respiratory: Nasal congestion (3%) Other: Fatigue (11%) Serious Cardiovascular: Heart failure Endocrine metabolic: Hyperkalemia Hepatic: Hepatotoxicity Respiratory: Bronchospasm Amlodipine (Norvasc, Lotrel) Common Cardiovascular: Flushing (0.7% to 2.6%), Palpitations (Up to 4.5%), Peripheral edema (Up to 10.8%) Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (1.6%), Nausea (2.9%.) Neurologic: Dizziness (Up to 3.4%), Headache (7.3%), Somnolence (1.4%) Other: Fatigue (4.5%) Serious Cardiovascular: Acute myocardial infarction, Angina Other: Angioedema Bepridil (Vascor) Common Diarrhea Dizzy Feel Like Throwing Up Infrequent side effects of Vascor: Abnormal Heart Rhythm Chronic Heart Failure Fluid in the Lungs Prolonged Q-T Interval on EKG Slow Heartbeat Very Rapid Heartbeat - Torsades de Pointes Head Pain Incomplete or Infrequent Bowel Movements Low Energy Rare side effects of Vascor: Deficiency of Granulocytes a Type of White Blood Cell Fluid Retention in the Legs, Feet, Arms or Hands Inflammation of Skin caused by an Allergy Rash Reaction due to an Allergy Low Blood Pressure Diltiazem (Cardizem, Tiazac) Common Cardiovascular: Bradyarrhythmia (1.7% to 3.6%), Peripheral edema (4.6% to 8%) Neurologic: Dizziness (3.5% to 6.4%), Headache (4.6%) Respiratory: Cough (2%) Other: Fatigue (4.8%) Serious Cardiovascular: Congestive heart failure (less than 2%), Heart block, Myocardial infarction Hepatic: Hepatotoxicity Felodipine (Plendil) Common Cardiovascular: Peripheral edema (2% to 17.4%) Dermatologic: Flushing (3.9% to 6.9%) Gastrointestinal: Indigestion (0.5% to 3.9%) Neurologic: Headache (10.6% to 14.7%) Respiratory: Upper respiratory infection (0.7% to 3.9%) Serious Cardiovascular: Angina, Hypotension (less than 0.5%), Myocardial infarction, Tachycardia Neurologic: Cerebrovascular accident Nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension (up to 5%), Palpitations (up to 7%), Peripheral edema (7% to 29%) Dermatologic: Flushing (4% to 25%) Gastrointestinal: Nausea (up to 10%) Neurologic: Dizziness (4% to 10%), Headache (19% to 23%) Psychiatric: Feeling nervous Respiratory: Cough, Dyspnea Serious Cardiovascular: Myocardial infarction (up to 4%), Ventricular arrhythmia (less than 0.5%) Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal obstruction, Gastrointestinal ulcer Hematologic: Aplastic anemia Nimodipine (Nimotop) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension (up to 8.1%) Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (up to 4.2%), Nausea (0.6% to 1.4%) Neurologic: Headache (up to 4.1%) Serious Cardiovascular: Congestive heart failure (less than 1%) Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage (less than 1%) Hematologic: Bleeding, Disseminated intravascular coagulation (less than 1%), Hematoma (less than 1%) Nisoldipine (Sular) Common Cardiovascular: Palpitations (3%), Peripheral edema (22%), Vasodilatation (4%) Dermatologic: Flushing Neurologic: Dizziness (5%), Headache (22%) Respiratory: Pharyngitis (5%), Sinusitis Serious Cardiovascular: Myocardial infarction Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, Common Verelan) Cardiovascular: Edema (up to 3.7%), Hypotension (1.5% to 3%) Gastrointestinal: Constipation (7.3% to 13%) Neurologic: Dizziness (3% to 5.9%), Headache (2.2% to 12.1%) Respiratory: Pharyngitis (3%), Sinusitis (3%) Other: Influenza-like symptoms (3.7%) Serious Cardiovascular: Atrioventricular block, Myocardial infarction Respiratory: Pulmonary edema Digoxin Common Gastrointestinal: Nausea and vomiting Neurologic: Dizziness, Headache Psychiatric: Mental disorder Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiac dysrhythmia, Ischemia, Sinoatrial block, Sinus bradycardia, Vasoconstriction Hematologic: Thrombocytopenia Digitoxin Common Enlarged BreastsLCommon side effects of digitoxin: Enlarged Breasts Infrequent side effects of digitoxin: Sinus Bradycardia Rare side effects of digitoxin: Abnormal Heart Electrical Signals Atrioventricular Heart Block Decreased Blood Platelets Delirium Diarrhea Fast Heartbeat Gangrene of Intestine caused by Blood Supply ProblemSevere Heart Block Inflammation of Skin caused by an Allergy Loss of Appetite Rapid Ventricular Heartbeat Rash Reaction due to an Allergy Throwing Up Ventricular Fibrillation Ventricular Premature Beats Visual Halos Around Lights Anxious Blurred Vision Confused Depression E194 Discolored Spots and Small Elevations of the SkinLess DizzyLess Feel Like Throwing Up Feeling Weak Hallucination Head Pain Lanoxin See Digoxin above Amiloride (Midamor) Common Dermatologic: Rash (1% or less) Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (3% to 8%), Loss of appetite (3% to 8%), Nausea (3% to 8%), Vomiting (3% to 8%) Musculoskeletal: Asthenia (greater than 1% to less than 3%), Cramp (greater than 1% to less than 3%) Neurologic: Dizziness (greater than 1% to less than 3%), Headache (3% to 8%) Respiratory: Cough (greater than 1% to less than 3%), Dyspnea (greater than 1% to less than 3%) Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiac dysrhythmia (1% or less), Palpitations (1% or less) Endocrine metabolic: Hyperkalemia (10%) Hematologic: Aplastic anemia, Neutropenia Neurologic: Encephalopathy (greater than 1% to less than 3%) Ophthalmic: Raised intraocular pressure (1% or less) Bumetanide (Bumex) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension (0.8%) Endocrine metabolic: Hyperuricemia (18.4%), Hypochloremia (14.9%), Hypokalemia (14.7%) Gastrointestinal: Nausea (0.6%) Musculoskeletal: Cramp (1.1%) Neurologic: Dizziness (1.1%), Headache (0.6%) Renal: Azotemia (10.6%) Serious Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome Hematologic: Thrombocytopenia (0.2%) Neurologic: Encephalopathy (0.6%) Chlorothiazide (Diuril) Common Dermatologic: Photosensitivity Endocrine metabolic: Hyperglycemia, Hyperuricemia Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, Loss of appetite, Nausea, Vomiting Neurologic: Dizziness Serious Dermatologic: Cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Endocrine metabolic: Electrolytes abnormal Gastrointestinal: Pancreatitis Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Aplastic anemia, Hemolytic anemia Hepatic: Hepatotoxicity, Jaundice Immunologic: Anaphylaxis, Systemic lupus erythematosus Neurologic: Coma Renal: Renal failure Respiratory: Pulmonary edema, Noncardiogenic Chlorthalidone (Hygroton) Common Endocrine metabolic: Hyperuricemia Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiac dysrhythmia Dermatologic: Toxic epidermal necrolysis Gastrointestinal: Pancreatitis (rare) Hepatic: Cholestatic jaundice syndrome Respiratory: Pulmonary edema (rare) Furosemide (Lasix) Common Endocrine metabolic: Hyperuricemia (40%), Hypomagnesemia Gastrointestinal: Loss of appetite Renal: Spasm of bladder Serious Cardiovascular: Orthostatic hypotension Dermatologic: Drug hypersensitivity syndrome, Erythema multiforme, Erythroderma, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis due to drug Gastrointestinal: Pancreatitis Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Aplastic anemia, Thrombocytopenia Immunologic: Anaphylactoid reaction, Anaphylaxis Hydro-chlorothiazide (Esidrix, Common Hydrodiuril) Cardiovascular: Hypotension Dermatologic: Phototoxicity Neurologic: Vertigo Serious Cardiovascular: Cardiac dysrhythmia Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Endocrine metabolic: Dilutional hyponatremia, Hypercalcemia, Hyperglycemia, Hypokalemia, Hypomagnesemia, Hyponatremia, Hypophosphatemia Gastrointestinal: Cholecystitis, Pancreatitis Hepatic: Cholestatic jaundice syndrome Ophthalmic: Angle-closure glaucoma, acute, Myopia, Acute transient Renal: Renal failure, Renal impairment Indapamide (Lozol) Common Endocrine metabolic: Hypokalemia (3% to 7%) Musculoskeletal: Cramp Neurologic: Asthenia, Dizziness (Greater than or equal to 5%), Headache (Greater than or equal to 5%), Lethargy, Numbness Other: Fatigue, Malaise Serious Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Aplastic anemia Hepatic: Hepatitis Immunologic: Anaphylaxis Spironolactone (Aldactone) Common Endocrine metabolic: Gynecomastia Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, Nausea and vomiting Neurologic: Somnolence Reproductive: Disorder of menstruation, Erectile dysfunction Serious Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis Endocrine metabolic: Breast cancer, Disorder of electrolytes, Hyperkalemia, Metabolic acidosis Gastrointestinal: Gastric hemorrhage, Gastritis Hematologic: Agranulocytosis Immunologic: Drug hypersensitivity syndrome, Systemic lupus erythematosus Other: Breast cancer Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension, Lightheadedness Neurologic: Headache Serious Cardiovascular: Syncope Hematologic: Methemoglobinemia Nesiritide (Natrecor) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension (4% to 17%) Gastrointestinal: Nausea (3%) Neurologic: Dizziness (2%), Headache (7%) Renal: Serum creatinine raised (17% to 31.4%) Serious Dermatologic: Injection site extravasation Immunologic: Hypersensitivity reaction Other: Death, Increased risk Hydralazine (Apresoline) Common Cardiovascular: Angina, Edema, Palpitations, Tachycardia Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, Loss of appetite, Nausea, Vomiting Neurologic: Headache Serious Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, Leukopenia Hepatic: Hepatotoxicity Immunologic: Lupus pneumonia (Acute), Systemic lupus erythematosus Nitrates (Nitroglycerin) Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension (4%) Dermatologic: Flushing Neurologic: Dizziness (5%), Headache (63% to 64%), Lightheadedness (6%) Serious Dermatologic: Anaphylactoid reaction Hematologic: Methemoglobinemia Neurologic: Raised intracranial pressure Minoxidil Common Cardiovascular: Hypotension Dermatologic: Hirsutism, Hypertrichosis Endocrine metabolic: Body fluid retention (7%), Hypernatremia Serious Cardiovascular: Angina, Cardiac tamponade, Electrocardiogram abnormal (60%), Pericardial effusion (3%), Pericarditis, Tachyarrhythmia Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome Hematologic: Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia

Table 5 is included by reference as the drugs that are listed as in development in the following databases: Cortellis™ Competitive Intelligence by Thomson Reuters; Adis R&D; and Pharmaprojects by Citeline. The drugs in the development pipeline can utilize the Invention to capture required clinical trial information and control drug dispensing for regulatory drug approval as well as to control drug dispensing after regulatory approval. The drugs are encompassed in the embodiment of the invention by reference. The listing for each drug includes by definition each drug's respective indication(s), strength, dosage form, route of administration, side effect profile, drug interactions, etc.

Table 6 is included by reference as the mechanisms of action for marketed drugs, drugs in developed, and efficacious drugs whose development was stopped due to a side effect(s) that can be addressed by the embodiment and thereby made approvable. The listed drugs in the following databases are encompassed in the embodiment of the invention by reference: Cortellis™ Competitive Intelligence by Thomson Reuters; Adis R&D; and Pharmaprojects by Citeline. The listing for each includes by definition each respective drug's respective indication(s), strength, dosage form, route of administration, side effect profile, drug interactions, etc.

Table 7 is included by reference as the oral drugs listed in the following databases that (i) were in development but were disconintued due to dose related side effects whose safety concerns can be addressed by the Invention or (ii) drugs that were withdrawn from the market after approval due to dose related side effects whose safety concerns can be addressed by the Invention: Cortellis™ Competitive Intelligence by Thomson Reuters; Adis R&D; and Pharmaprojects by Citeline. These drugs are encompassed in the embodiment of the invention by reference. The listing for each drug includes by definition each drug's respective indication(s), strength, dosage form, route of administration, side effect profile, drug interactions, etc.

Table 8 is a sample list of diseases encompassed in the embodiment of the invention by reference. The listing for each encompasses drugs used to treat the disease and for each includes by definition each drug's respective indication(s), strength, dosage form, route of administration, side effect profile, drug interactions, etc.

TABLE 8 Diseases Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm - see Aortic Aneurysm ACE (Adverse Childhood Experiences) Acinetobacter Infection Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - see HIV/AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - see HIV/AIDS Adenovirus Infection Adenovirus Vaccination ADHD [Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder] Adult Vaccinations Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) African Trypanosomiasis - see Sleeping Sickness Agricultural Safety - see Farm Worker Injuries AHF (Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever (AHF) ALS [Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis] Alzheimer's Disease Amebiasis, Intestinal [Entamoeba histolytica infection] American Indian and Alaska Native Vaccination American Trypanosomiasis - see Chagas Disease Amphibians and Fish, Infections from - see Fish and Amphibians, Infections from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - see ALS Anaplasmosis, Human Ancylostoma duodenale Infection, Necator americanus Infection - see Human Hookworm Anemia Angiostrongylus Infection Animal-Related Diseases Anisakiasis - see Anisakis Infection Anisakis Infection [Anisakiasis] Anthrax [Bacillus anthracis Infection] Anthrax Emergency Vaccination Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Resistance Antibiotic Use, Appropriate Aortic Aneurysm Aortic Dissection - see Aortic Aneurysm Arenavirus Infection Arthritis Ascariasis - see Ascaris Infection Ascaris Infection [Ascariasis] ASDs (Autism and Genetics) Aseptic Meningitis - see Viral Meningitis Aspergillosis - see Aspergillus Infection Aspergillus Infection [Aspergillosis] Asthma Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - see ADHD Autism Autism and Genetics (ASDs) [autism spectrum disorders] autism spectrum disorders - see Autism and Genetics Avian Influenza B virus Infection [Herpes B virus] B. cepacia infection (Burkholderia cepacia Infection) Babesia Infection - see Babesiosis Babesiosis [Babesia Infection] Bacillus anthracis - see Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Infection - see Anthrax Back Belts - see Ergonomic and Musculoskeletal Disorders Bacterial Meningitis Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Balamuthia mandrillaris Infection - see Balamuthia Infection Balamuthia Infection [Balamuthia mandrillaris Infection] Balantidiasis - see Balantidium Infection Balantidium Infection [Balantidiasis] Bartonella bacilliformis Infection - see Carrión's disease Bartonella quintana Infection - see Trench fever Baylisascaris Infection - see Raccoon Roundworm Infection BCG (Tuberculosis Vaccine) Bilharzia - see Schistosomiasis Bioterrorism Agents/Diseases Bird Flu - see Avian Influenza Birth Defects Black Lung [Coal Workers' Pneumoconioses] Blast Injuries Blastocystis hominis Infection - see Blastocystis Infection Blastocystis Infection [Blastocystis hominis Infection] Blastomycosis [Blastomyces dermatitidis Infection] Bleeding Disorders blood clot Blood Disorders Body Lice [Pediculus humanus corporis] Bone Health Borrelia burgdorferi Infection - see Lyme Disease Botulism [Clostridium botulinim Infection] Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Brainerd Diarrhea Breast and Ovarian Cancer and Family Health History Breast Cancer Breastfeeding Bronchiolitis - see Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Bronchitis Brucella Infection [Brucellosis] Brucellosis - see Brucella Infection BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) BSE (Mad Cow Disease) Burkholderia cepacia Infection (B. cepacia infection) Burkholderia mallei - see Glanders Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection - see Melioidosis BV (Bacterial Vaginosis) C. diff. Infection [Clostridium difficile Infection] C. gattii cryptococcosis C. neoformans cryptococcosis Campylobacter Infection [Campylobacteriosis] Campylobacteriosis - see Campylobacter Infection Cancer Cancer and Flu Cancer Health Disparities - see Health Disparities in Cancer Candida Infection [Candidiasis] Candidiasis - see Candida Infection Canine Flu Capillaria Infection [Capillariasis] Capillariasis - see Capillaria Infection Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumonia (CRKP) see Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Cardiovascular Health - see Heart Disease Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - see Ergonomic and Musculoskeletal Disorders Carrión's disease [Bartonella bacilliformis Infection] Cat Flea Tapeworm - see Tapeworm, Dog and Cat Flea Cats, Infections from CCHF (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever) Cercarial Dermatitis - see Swimmer's Itch Cerebral Palsy Cervical Cancer CFS (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome) Chagas Disease [Trypanosoma cruzi Infection] Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever (CHHF) Chest Cold - see Bronchitis CHHF (Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever) Chickenpox [Varicella Disease] Chickenpox Vaccination Chikungunya Fever (CHIKV) CHIKV (Chikungunya Fever) Childhood Arthritis Childhood Injuries Childhood Overweight and Obesity Children's Cough and Cold Medicines - see Cough and Cold Medicines Chlamydia [Chlamydia trachomatis Disease] Chlamydia trachomatis Disease - see Chlamydia Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae Infection Cholera [Vibrio cholerae Infection] Chronic Disease Prevention Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Ciguatoxin - see Marine Toxins CJD, Classic (Classic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) CKD (Kidney Disease) Classic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD, Classic) Clonorchiasis - see Clonorchis Infection Clonorchis Infection [Clonorchiasis] Clostridium botulinim Infection - see Botulism Clostridium difficile Infection - see C. diff. Infection Clostridium perfringens infection Clostridium perfringens infection Clostridium tetani Infection - see Tetanus Disease Clotting Disorders CMV (Cytomegalovirus Infection) Coal Workers' Pneumoconioses - see Black Lung Coccidioidomycosis - see Valley Fever Cold, Common Colorado Tick Fever (CTF) Colorectal (Colon) Cancer Colorectal Cancer and Genetics Colorectal Cancer Control Program (CRCCP) Common Cold - see Cold, Common Concussion - see Traumatic Brain Injury Congenital Hearing Loss - see Hearing Loss in Children Conjunctivitis - see Pink Eye Cooleys Anemia COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection - see Diphtheria Cough and Cold Medicines Coxiella burnetii Infection - see Q Fever CRE (Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae) Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Classic - see Classic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) [Nairovirus Infection] CRKP (Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumonia) Crohn's Disease - see Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cronobacter Infection Cryptococcosis, C. gattii. - see C. gattii cryptococcosis Cryptococcosis, C. neoformans - see C. neoformans cryptococcosis Cryptosporidiosis - see Cryptosporidium Infection Cryptosporidium Infection [Cryptosporidiosis] CTF (Colorado Tick Fever) CWD (Chronic Wasting Disease) Cyclospora Infection [Cyclosporiasis] Cyclosporiasis - see Cyclospora Infection Cysticercosis Cystoisospora Infection [Cystoisosporiasis] Cystoisosporiasis - see Cystoisospora Infection Cytomegalovirus Infection (CMV) DBA (Diamond Blackfan Anemia) Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Dengue Fever (DF) Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) - see Dengue Fever Dermatophyte Infection - see Ringworm Dermatophytes - see Ringworm Developmental Disabilities DF (Dengue Fever) DHF (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever) Diabetes Diamond Blackfan Anemia (DBA) Dientamoeba fragilis Infection Diet and Nutrition - see Nutrition Diphtheria [Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection] Diphtheria Vaccination Diphyllobothriasis - see Diphyllobothrium Infection Diphyllobothrium Infection [Diphyllobothriasis] Dipylidium Infection - see Tapeworm, Dog and Cat Flea Dirofilariasis (Dog Heartworm) Division of Public Health Systems and Workforce Development (DPHSWD) Division of Public Health Systems and Workforce Development (DPHSWD) - see Division of Public Health Systems and Workforce Development Dog Flea Tapeworm - see Tapeworm, Dog and Cat Flea Dog Heartworm [Dirofilaria] - see Dirofilariasis (Dog Heartworm) Dogs, Infections from Down Syndrome [Trisomy 21] DPHSWD (Division of Public Health Systems and Workforce Development) Dracunculiasis - see Guinea Worm Disease Drug Resistance - see Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Resistance DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis) Dwarf Tapeworm [Hymenolepis Infection] E. coli Infection [Escherichia coli Infection] Ear Infection [Otitis Media] Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) - see Hearing, Early Detection & Intervention Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) EBV Infection (Epstein-Barr Virus Infection) Echinococcosis EEE (Eastern Equine Encephalitis) EHDI (Early Hearing Detection and Intervention) Ehrlichiosis, Human Elephantiasis - see Lymphatic Filariasis Emerging Infectious Diseases Entamoeba histolytica infection - see Amebiasis, Intestinal Enteric Diseases from Animals - see Gastrointestinal Diseases from Animals Enterobius vermicularis Infection - see Pinworm Infection Enterovirus D68 Enterovirus Infections (Non-Polio) - see Non-Polio Enterovirus Infections Epidemic Typhus - see Typhus Fevers Epilepsy Epstein-Barr Virus Infection (EBV Infection) Ergonomic and Musculoskeletal Disorders Escherichia coli Infection - see E. coli Infection Esophageal Candidiasis - see Thrush EVD (Ebola Virus Disease) EV-D68 - see Enterovirus D68 Exserohilum rostratum (Other Pathogenic Fungi) Extensively Drug-Resistant TB (XDR TB) Extreme Cold [Hypothermia] Extreme Heat [Hyperthermia] Falls from Elevation Falls, Older Adults Fasciitis, Necrotizing Fasciola Infection [Fascioliasis] Fascioliasis - see Fasciola Infection Fasciolopsiasis - see Fasciolopsis Infection Fasciolopsis Infection [Fasciolopsiasis] Fetal Alcohol Syndrome FETP - see Field Epidemiology Training Program FETP (Field Epidemiology Training Program) Fibromyalgia Fifth Disease [Parvovirus B19 Infection] Filariasis, Lymphatic Fireworks Injuries Flu Folliculitis Foodborne Illness Food-Related Diseases Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) Francisella tularensis Infection - see Tularemia Fungal diseases [Mycotic diseases] Fungal Keratitis Fungal Meningitis Fungal Pneumonia - see Valley Fever FXS (Fragile X Syndrome) GAE (Granulomatous amebic encephalitis) GAS (Group A Strep Infection) Gastrointestinal Diseases from Animals [Zoonotic enteric diseases] GBS (Group B Strep Infection) GBS and Menactra Meningococcal Vaccine - see Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Menactra Meningococcal Vaccine GDDER (Global Disease Detection and Emergency Response) Genetics and Autism - see Autism and Genetics Genetics and Colorectal Cancer - see Colorectal Cancer and Genetics Genetics and Heart Disease - see Heart Disease and Genetics Genetics and Mental Health - see Mental Health and Genetics Genetics and Obesity - see Obesity and Genetics Genetics and Skin Cancer - see Skin Cancer and Genetics Genetics and Stroke - see Stroke and Genetics Genital Candidiasis (VVC) [Vulvovaginal Candidiasis] Genital Herpes [Herpes Simplex Virus Infection] Genital Warts - see Human Papillomavirus Infection German Measles (Rubella Virus) Giardia Infection [Giardiasis] Giardiasis - see Giardia Infection Glanders [Burkholderia mallei] Gnathostoma Infection - see Gnathostomiasis Gnathostomiasis [Gnathostoma Infection] Gonorrhea [Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection] Gout Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) - see Balamuthia Infection Group A Strep Infection (GAS) [Group A Streptococcal Infection] Group A Streptococcal Infection - see Group A Strep Infection Group B Strep Infection (GBS) [Group B Streptococcal Infection] Group B Streptococcal Infection - see Group B Strep Infection Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Menactra Meningococcal Vaccine Guinea Worm Disease [Dracunculiasis] Gynecologic Cancers H1N1 Flu H3N2v influenza H5N1 - see Avian Influenza Haemophilus influenzae Serotype b - see Hib Infection Haemophilus influenzae Infection (including Hib Infection) Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Hansen's Disease Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) Hazardous Drug Exposures in Healthcare Head Lice [Pediculus humanus capitis] Health Disparities in Cancer Health Disparities in HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STDs, and TB Health Security - see Global Health Security Healthcare Associated Infections Healthy Pets, Healthy People - see Animal-Related Diseases Hearing Loss in Children Heart Disease [Cardiovascular Health] Heart Disease and Genetics Heat Stress Hemochromatosis Hemoglobinopathies Hemophilia Hemophilia Treatment Centers (HTC) Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral - see Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Hendra Virus Disease (HeV Infection) Hepatitis A Vaccination Hepatitis B Vaccination Hepatitis, Viral - see Viral Hepatitis Hereditary Bleeding Disorders - see Hemophilia Herpes B virus - see B virus Infection Herpes Simplex Virus Infection - see Genital Herpes Herpes Zoster - see Shingles Herpes Zoster Vaccination - see Shingles Vaccination Herpes, Genital - see Genital Herpes Herpesvirus B - see B virus Infection Herpesvirus simiae - see B virus Infection Heterophyes Infection [Heterophyiasis] Heterophyiasis - see Heterophyes Infection HeV Infection (Hendra Virus Disease) HFMD (Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease) Hib Infection [Haemophilus influenzae Serotype b] Hib Vaccine (Haemophilus influenzae Serotype b Vaccination) High Blood Pressure Histoplasma capsulatum Infection [Histoplasmosis] Histoplasmosis - see Histoplasma capsulatum Infection Histoplasmosis [Histoplasma capsulatum Infection] HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS and STDs Hookworm, Human [Ancylostoma duodenale Infection, Necator americanus Infection] see Human Hookworm Hookworm, Zoonotic - see Zoonotic Hookworm Horses, Infections from Hot Tub Rash [Pseudomonas dermatitis Infection] HPIV (Human Parainfluenza Viruses) HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome) HPV Infection (Human Papillomavirus Infection) HPV Vaccination (Human Papillomavirus Vaccination) HPV-Associated Cancers HTC (Hemophilia Treatment Centers) Human Ehrlichiosis - see Ehrlichiosis, Human Human Hookworm [Ancylostoma duodenale Infection, Necator americanus Infection] Human Immunodeficiency Virus - see HIV/AIDS Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV Infection) Human Papillomavirus Vaccination (HPV Vaccination) Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV) Hymenolepis Infection - see Dwarf Tapeworm Hypertension - see High Blood Pressure Hyperthermia - see Extreme Heat Hypothermia - see Extreme Cold IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) IMMPaCt (International Micronutrient Malnutrition Prevention and Control Program) see Micronutrient Malnutrition Impetigo - see Group A Strep Infection including Hib Infection (Haemophilus influenzae Infection) Infectious Mononucleosis - see Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Infertility Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Influenza Influenza and Cancer - see Cancer and Flu Influenza in Pigs - see Swine Influenza Influenza Vaccination Influenza, Avian - see Avian Influenza Influenza, Pandemic - see Pandemic Flu Injury, Healthy Swimming and Recreational Water International Micronutrient Malnutrition Prevention & Control Program (IMMPaCt) - see Micronutrient Malnutrition Intestinal Amebae Infection, Nonpathogenic - see Nonpathogenic (Harmless) Intestinal Protozoa Invasive Candidiasis Iron Deficiency - see Anemia Iron Overload [Hemochromatosis] - see Hemochromatosis Iron Storage Disease Isospora Infection [Isosporiasis] - see Cystoisospora Infection Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Jaundice - see Newborn Jaundice JE (Japanese Encephalitis) K. pneumoniae (Klebsiella pneumoniae) Kala-Azar - see Leishmania Infection Kawasaki Syndrome (KS) Keratitis, Fungal - see Fungal Keratitis Kernicterus - see Newborn Jaundice KFD (Kyasanur Forest disease) Kidney Disease (CKD) Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) KS (Kawasaki Syndrome) Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) La Crosse Encephalitis (LAC) La Crosse Encephalitis virus (LACV) - see La Crosse Encephalitis LAC (La Crosse Encephalitis) LACV (La Crosse Encephalitis virus) Lassa Fever Latex Allergies LCM (Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis) Lead Poisoning Legionellosis - see Legionnaires' Disease Legionnaires' Disease [Legionellosis] Leishmania Infection [Leishmaniasis] Leishmaniasis - see Leishmania Infection Leprosy - see Hansen's Disease Leptospira Infection [Leptospirosis] Leptospirosis - see Leptospira Infection Lice Listeria Infection [Listeriosis] Listeriosis - see Listeria Infection Liver Disease and Hepatitis - see Viral Hepatitis Loa loa Infection - see Loiasis Lockjaw - see Tetanus Disease Lockjaw Vaccination - see Tetanus (Lockjaw) Vaccination Loiasis [Loa loa Infection] Lou Gehrig's Disease - see ALS LUHF (Lujo Hemorrhagic Fever) Lujo Hemorrhagic Fever (LUHF) Lung Cancer Lupus (SLE) [Systemic lupus erythematosus] Lyme Disease [Borrelia burgdorferi Infection] Lymphatic Filariasis Lymphedema - see Lymphatic Filariasis Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) MAC (Mycobacterium avium Complex) Mad Cow Disease (BSE) - see Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Malaria Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Marine Toxins MD (Muscular Dystrophy) MDR TB (Multidrug-Resistant TB) Measles Melioidosis [Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection] Meningitis Meningococcal Disease Meningococcal Vaccination Men's Health Mental Health Mental Health and Genetics Mental Retardation MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus - see MRSA Micronutrient Malnutrition Microsporidia Infection Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) MMR Vaccination Molluscum Contagiosum Monkey B virus - see B virus Infection Monkeypox Monkeypox Vaccination Mononucleosis, Infectious - see Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Motor Vehicle Injuries Mouse and Rat Control - see Rodents, Diseases from MRSA [Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus] Mucormycosis Mucus - see Cold, Common Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR TB) Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome - see Sepsis Mumps Muscular Dystrophy (MD) Musculoskeletal Disorders - see Ergonomic and Musculoskeletal Disorders Mycobacterium abscessus Infection Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection - see Tuberculosis Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection Mycotic diseases - see Fungal diseases Myelomeningocele - see Spina Bifida Myiasis Naegleria Infection [Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)] Nairovirus Infection - see Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever National Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Registry - see ALS Necrotizing Fasciitis - see Group A Strep Infection Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection - see Gonorrhea Neurocysticercosis - see Cysticercosis Newborn Hearing - see Hearing, Early Detection & Intervention Newborn Jaundice [Kernicterus] Nocardia asteroides Infection - see Nocardiosis Nocardiosis [Nocardia asteroides Infection] Nonpathogenic (Harmless) Intestinal Protozoa Non-Polio Enterovirus Infections Norovirus Infection Norwalk-like Viruses (NLV) - see Norovirus Infection NTD (Neglected Tropical Diseases) OA (Osteoarthritis) Obesity and Genetics Obesity and Overweight Obesity and Overweight, Childhood - see Childhood Overweight and Obesity Occupational Cancers Occupational Skin Conditions - see Skin Conditions, Occupational Occupational Stress - see Stress, Occupational OHF (Omsk hemorrhagic fever) Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF) Onchocerciasis - see River Blindness Opisthorchis Infection Oral Cancer Orf Virus Infection - see Sore Mouth Infection Oropharyngeal Candidiasis - see Thrush Oroya fever - see Carrión's disease Osteoarthritis (OA) Osteoporosis - see Bone Health Otitis Media - see Ear Infection Outbreaks Ovarian and Breast Cancer and Family Health History - see Breast and Ovarian Cancer and Family Health History Ovarian Cancer PAD (Peripheral Arterial Disease) Pandemic Flu Paragonimiasis - see Paragonimus Infection Paragonimus Infection [Paragonimiasis] Parainfluenza - see Human Parainfluenza Viruses Parasitic Diseases Parvovirus B19 Infection - see Fifth Disease PCP (Pneumocystis pneumonia) PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine) PE (Pulmonary Embolism) Pedestrian Injury Pediculus humanus capitis - see Head Lice Pediculus humanus corporis - see Body Lice Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) Peripheral Arterial Insufficiency - see Peripheral Arterial Disease Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease - see Peripheral Arterial Disease Peripheral Vascular Disease - see Peripheral Arterial Disease Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Vaccination Pet-Related Diseases - see Animal-Related Diseases Phthiriasis - see Pubic Lice PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) Pigs, Influenza in - see Swine Influenza Pink Eye [Conjunctivitis] Pinworm Infection [Enterobius vermicularis Infection] Plague [Yersinia pestis Infection] Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) Pneumococcal Disease Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV) Pneumoconioses, Coal Workers' - see Black Lung Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia (PCP) Infection - see Pneumocystis pneumonia Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (previously Pneumocystis carinii) - see Pneumocystis pneumonia Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) [Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (previously Pneumocystis carinii)] Pneumonia Polio Infection [Poliomyelitis Infection] Polio Vaccination [Poliomyelitis Vaccination] Poliomyelitis Infection - see Polio Infection Poliomyelitis Vaccination - see Polio Vaccination Pontiac Fever - see Legionnaires' Disease Powassan (POW) virus Poxvirus Infections PPV (Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine) Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) - see Naegleria Infection Prion Diseases (TSEs) [Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies] Prostate Cancer Pseudomonas dermatitis Infection - see Hot Tub Rash Psittacosis Psoriasis Pubic Lice [Phthiriasis] Pulmonary Embolism (PE) - see Deep Vein Thrombosis Pulmonary Hypertension Q Fever [Coxiella burnetii Infection] RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis) Rabies Raccoon Roundworm Infection [Baylisascaris Infection] Rat-Bite Fever (RBF) [Streptobacillus moniliformis Infection] RBF (Rat-Bite Fever) Recreational Water Illness (RWI) Reptiles, Infections from Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Rickettsia rickettsii Infection - see Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Rickettsia, Spotted Fever Group - see Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia Rickettsial Diseases Rift Valley Fever (RVF) Ringworm [Dermatophyte Infection] Ringworm [Dermatophytes] Ringworm in Animals River Blindness [Onchocerciasis] RMSF (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) [Rickettsia rickettsia Infection] Rodent Control - see Rodents, Diseases from Rodents - see Rat-Bite Fever Rodents, Diseases from Rotavirus Infection RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection) Rubella (German Measles) Vaccination Rubeola - see Measles Runny Nose - see Cold, Common RVF (Rift Valley Fever) RWI (Recreational Water Illness) Salmonella typhi Infection - see Typhoid Fever Salmonella Infection [Salmonellosis] Salmonellosis - see Salmonella Infection Sappinia diploidea and Sappinia pedata - see Sappinia Infection Sappinia Infection [Sappinia diploidea and Sappinia pedata] SARS [Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome] Scabies Scarlet Fever Schistosoma Infection - see Schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis [Schistosoma Infection] Seasonal Flu Sepsis [Septicemia] Septic shock - see Sepsis Septicemia - see Sepsis Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - see SARS Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Reports Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) SFGR (Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia) Shigella Infection [Shigellosis] Shigellosis - see Shigella Infection Shingles [Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)] Shingles Vaccination Sickle Cell Disease SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) Sinus Infection [Sinusitus] Sinusitus - see Sinus Infection Skin Cancer Skin Cancer and Genetics Skin Conditions, Occupational SLE (Lupus) Sleep and Sleep Disorders Sleeping Sickness [African Trypanosomiasis] Smallpox [Variola Major and Variola Minor] Smallpox Vaccination Smoking and Tobacco Use Sodium - see Salt Soil Transmitted Helminths Sore Mouth Infection [Orf Virus Infection] Sore Throat Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness (STARI) Spina Bifida [Myelomeningocele] Spirillum minus Infection - see Rat-Bite Fever Sporothrix schenckii infection - see Sporotrichosis Sporotrichosis Sporotrichosis [Sporothrix schenckii infection] Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia (SFGR) Staph - see Staphylococcus aureus Infection Staphylococcus aureus Infection STARI (Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness) STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) STDs and HIV/AIDS - see HIV/AIDS and STDs Strep Infection, Group A - see Group A Strep Infection Strep Infection, Group B - see Group B Strep Infection Strep Throat - see Sore Throat Streptobacillus moniliformis Infection - see Rat-Bite Fever Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection Stress, Occupational Stroke Stroke and Genetics Strongyloidiasis - see Strongyloides Infection [Strongyloidiasis] Strongyloidiasis - see Strongyloidiasis - see Strongyloides Infection Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) surgical site infection (SSI) Surveillance Reports, Sexually Transmitted Disease - see Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Reports Swimmer's Itch [Cercarial Dermatitis] Swimming-related Illness - see Recreational Water Illness Swine Influenza Symptom Relief for Upper Respiratory Infections Syphilis [Treponema pallidum Infection] Systemic lupus erythematosus - see Lupus Taenia Infection - see Tapeworm Infection Tapeworm Infection [Taenia Infection] Tapeworm, Dog and Cat Flea [Dipylidium Infection] TB (Tuberculosis) TB (Tuberculosis) Vaccination TB and HIV Coinfection TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) Testicular Cancer Tetanus (Lockjaw) Infection Tetanus (Lockjaw) Vaccination Tetanus Disease [Clostridium tetani Infection] Thalassemia - see Cooleys Anemia Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm - see Aortic Aneurysm Throat, Sore - see Sore Throat Throat, Strep - see Sore Throat Thrombophilia - see Clotting Disorders Thrombosis - see Clotting Disorders Thrush [Oropharyngeal Candidiasis] Tickborne Diseases - see Ticks Ticks Tinea - see Ringworm Tobacco Use, Smoking and - see Smoking and Tobacco Use Tourette Syndrome (TS) Toxocara Infection - see Toxocariasis Toxocariasis [Toxocara Infection] Toxoplasma Infection - see Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis [Toxoplasma Infection] Trachoma Infection Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies - see Prion Diseases Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Traumatic Occupational Injuries Trench fever [Bartonella quintana Infection] Treponema pallidum Infection - see Syphilis Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) Trichomonas Infection - see Trichomoniasis Trichomoniasis [Trichomonas Infection] Trichuriasis - see Whipworm Infection Trisomy 21 - see Down Syndrome Trypanosoma cruzi Infection - see Chagas Disease Trypanosomiasis, African - see Sleeping Sickness TS (Tourette Syndrome) TSEs (Prion Diseases) Tuberculosis (TB) [Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection] Tuberculosis (TB) Vaccination Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection - see TB and HIV Coinfection Tuberculosis Skin Test - see TB Testing & Diagnosis Tuberculosis Training - see TB Education and Training Network Tuberculosis Vaccine (BCG) Tularemia [Francisella tularensis Infection] Typhoid Fever [Salmonella typhi Infection] Typhoid Fever Vaccination Typhus Fevers Ulcerative Colitis - see Inflammatory Bowel Disease Undulant Fever - see Brucella Infection Unexplained Respiratory Disease Outbreaks (URDO) Upper Respiratory Infection Symptom Relief - see Symptom Relief for Upper Respiratory Infections URDO (Unexplained Respiratory Disease Outbreaks) Uterine Cancer Vaginal and Vulvar Cancers Vaginal Candidiasis - see Genital Candidiasis Valley Fever [Coccidioidomycosis] Vancomycin-Intermediate/Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections [VISA/VRSA] Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci Infection (VRE) Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) Variant Viruses - see Influenza Varicella Disease - see Chickenpox Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) - see Shingles Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection Variola Major and Variola Minor - see Smallpox vCJD (Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) verruga peruana - see Carrión's disease VHF (Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers) Vibrio cholerae Infection - see Cholera Vibrio Illness [Vibriosis] Vibriosis - see Vibrio Illness Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) Viral Hepatitis Viral Meningitis [Aseptic Meningitis] VISA/VRSA - see Vancomycin-Intermediate/Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections Vision Impairment VRE (Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci Infection) Vulvovaginal Candidiasis - see Genital Candidiasis VVC (Genital Candidiasis) VZV (Varicella Zoster Virus) - see Shingles Water-Related Diseases Weight, Healthy - see Healthy Weight West Nile Virus Infection (WNV Infection) Whipworm Infection [Trichuriasis] Whitmore's Disease - see Melioidosis Whooping Cough - see Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Wildlife, Infections from WNV Infection (West Nile Virus Infection) Women's Bleeding Disorders XDR TB (Extensively Drug-Resistant TB) Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related Virus Infection - see XMRV Infection XMRV Infection [Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related Virus Infection] Yeast Infection - see Genital Candidiasis Yellow Fever Yellow Fever Vaccination Yersinia enterocolitica Infection - see Yersiniosis Yersinia pestis Infection - see Plague Yersiniosis [Yersinia enterocolitica Infection] Zoonotic Diseases from Animals - see Animal-Related Diseases Zoonotic enteric diseases - see Gastrointestinal Diseases from Animals Zoonotic Hookworm Zoster - see Shingles Zygomycosis - see Mucormycosis

III. System and Method to Control the Delivery of Oral Medications

Various embodiments will be described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. These embodiments are illustrated and described by example only and are not intended to be limiting. Alternate embodiments may be devised without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention. Additionally, well-known elements of exemplary embodiments of the invention will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the invention. Further, to facilitate an understanding of the description discussion of several terms used herein follows.

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration”. Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. Likewise, the term “embodiments of the invention” does not require that all embodiments of the invention include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.

Further, many embodiments are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, these sequences of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of computer readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that upon execution would cause an associated processor to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the invention may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the embodiments described herein, the corresponding form of any such embodiments may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform the described action.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, an integrated drug dispensing and disease management system composed of a Drug Specific App 10 which contains a Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15 resident on an Interface Device (Smart Phone, computer Tablet, portable or desktop computer, standalone drug dispenser, etc. with Internet communications capabilities) 20 used to control dispensing by a (single or multidrug) Drug Dispenser 30; an Integrated Support Center 40; a Patient 50; a Prescriber 60; and the Patient's Electronic Medical Record 70.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary embodiment depicting a Drug Specific Dispensing App 80 which resides on an Interface Device 20 and controls drug dispensing. When the Patient 50 is prescribed a Drug, the Patient 50 is trained on the operation of the Drug Specific Dispensing App 80 and the related Drug Dispenser 30 using the Apps training interface.

In this embodiment of the invention, the Drug Specific App 80 is comprised of the following software modules: (i) Biometric Authentication 80 a, (ii) Prescription 80 b module which can be programmed remotely by the Integrated Support Center 40, (iii) Patient Reminder 80 c, (iv) Interface Device 80 d, (v) Patient Self-Assessment 80 e module which is unique for each drug, (vi) Digital Capture (APIs) 80 f, (vii) the Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 80 g which is unique for each drug, (viii) Dispensing Communication and Reporting 80 h, (ix) the Integrated Support Center 80 i, (x) the Patient Reporting 80 j, and (xi) the App and Dispensing Unit Operation Training Interface 80 k.

The following are exemplary descriptions of the FIG. 2 embodiments of the invention:

Biometric Authentication module 80 a encompasses the utilization of a biometric authentication screen and/or digital interface which allows the patient, upon authentication, to automatically move to the Patient Self-Assessment screens 100, 102, 104 if: (i) the authentication routine recognizes the Drug Dispenser's 30 serial number to be one that was registered to the Patient 50, (ii) digitally Handshake with the Drug Specific App 10 and (iii) the Biometric Authentication 80 a recognizes the Patient 50. If the Biometric Authentication 80 a does not recognize the Patient 50, it asks the Patient 50 to try again. After a given number of tries, it alerts the patient to talk with the Integrated Support Center 40 and alerts the Integrated Support Center 40 of the failed attempts and lists the Patient 50 for a follow-up call if the drug has not been properly dispensed within a drug specific timeframe. If the App 50 does not recognize the Drug Dispenser 30, the patient gets an alert screen explaining why it does not recognize the dispenser, this may include but is not limited to: (i) unable to locate the Drug Dispenser 30, (ii) the Drug Dispenser 30 does not have the right serial number, etc. Simultaneously, if the App 10 senses that the Drug Dispenser does not have the right serial number, it will send a message to the Integrated Support Center 40 indicating the serial number of the recognized Drug Dispenser for follow-up action by the Integrated Support Center 40. One alternative for the Integrated Support Center 40 is to lock the App screen to only give the Patient 50 the choice of calling the Integrated Support Center 40 to resolve his dispensing issue.

The Prescription module 80 b, which is unique to the drug, encompasses the ability of the Prescriber 60, other authorized healthcare professionals, or the Integrated Support Center 40 to input the prescribing information into the Drug Specific App 10. After loading the Drug Specific App 10 onto the Interface Device 20, the person entering the prescription information begins by entering the drugs Brand and/or generic name, strength/dosage, NCD number, Batch Number, any pertinent required contact information in case of an overdose or emergency, and the drug's expiration date. This input can be done manually and/or via a barcode scan of the Individualized Drug Cassette 170. The prescribing information defines the dosing strength and administration schedule (e.g, q.d., b.i.d., t.i.d., q.i.d., q.h.s., −X a day, −X per week, −X per month, q.4h, q.6h, q.o.d., a.c., p.c., prn, etc.). The prn dosing, and/or for example the patient self-analgesia dosing, can be designated to allow the Patient 50 to self-medicate using multiple smaller doses to a maximum cumulative dose over a specified period of time. Once the maximum does is dispensed, the Drug Dispenser is locked by the Drug Specific App 10 until the next dosing period begins and the patient enters the requisite information to enable the Drug Specific App 10 to signal the Drug Dispenser to dispense.

The Patient Reminder module 80 c encompasses the ability of the Drug Specific App 10 to alert the Patient 50 using different methodologies including but not limited to: (i) initiating a phone call, (ii) buzzing the device, (iii) sending an email message, (iv) sending a text message, and/or (v) having the Integrated Support Center 40 call the Patient 50, etc.

When the phone call is initiated, the Drug Specific App 10 is shown on the Smart Phone's screen. When the phone is turned on or unlocked, the screen automatically moves to the Biometric Authentication 90 screen. If the Drug Specific App 10 is clicked on a Smart Phone, it opens to the Biometric Authentications 90 screen.

The Interface Device module 80 d encompasses many functions: (i) home for the Drug Specific App 10, (ii) enables the Drug Specific App 10 to utilize the Interface Device features to facilitate the Drug Specific App's interface with the Patient 50, (iii) uses the Interface Device's 20 Wi-Fi communications capability to interface with the Drug Dispenser 30 and its Internet communications capability to interface with the Integrated Support Center 40, (iv) uses the phone to call the Integrated Support Center 40, and utilizes the Interface Device's 20 memory to store the prescription, dispensing history, and the Patient Self-Assessment (see illustrative examples in FIG. 4) and digital (see representative examples under FIG. 5) physiological, psychological, lifestyle, currently taken medications, and environmental data.

The Patient 50 is, for example, able to utilize the Interface Device's 20 navigation capabilities to move between screens and to correct prior inputs before exiting by selecting the dispense or exit buttons.

Utilizes the Interface Device's 20 GPS device to capture the location when the medication is dispensed.

Patient Self-Assessment module 80 e is specific for each drug based upon, for example, the drug's side effects, potential drug interactions, implications of under and/or overdosing, efficacy measures, dosing schedule, drug strength, single or multidrug regimen, effects of weight gain, aging, development of comorbidities, etc. Certain Patient Self-Assessment 100, 102, 104 screens will, for example, incorporate known self-assessment scales or will incorporate self-assessment screens specifically developed for the specific drug. The screens may also be those which are designed to capture Patient specific information required by regulatory agencies for the subsequent approval of the drug and/or for post marketing studies.

The Digital Capture (APIs) module 80 f encompasses, as an exemplary, digital information that is integrated via the Drug Specific App 10 via Digital Capture from, as examples, a wearable monitoring device 110, a digital scale 112, a third-party monitoring App on a smart phone 114, a hand held diagnostic device 116, a lifestyle monitor 117, a digitalized home diagnostic or self-diagnostic 118, a swallowed tracking and/or diagnostic aid, a drug tracking chip, radio frequency identification device (RFID), or care giver or parent patient assessments and/or journal entries, etc.

The Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm module 80 g encompasses, as an example, the Product Expiration 122 date, Properly Stored 123 information (for example, temperature, moisture, etc.), one or more Patient Self-Assessment 125, 126 and/or one or more Digitally Captured 127 values, the Dispensing Algorithm 128, the Dispense 129 command screen and interface with the Drug Dispenser 30, and patient feedback and instruction screens 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, etc.

The Dispensing Communications and Reporting 80 h module encompasses, for example, the interface between: (i) the Drug Specific App 10 and the Drug Dispenser 30 via the Interface Device 20; (ii) the interfaces between the Drug Specific App 10 and any proprietary or third-party digital devices, data aggregation devices, computer databases, diagnostic devices, and medication tracking devices, etc., for example, those digital devices listed under FIG. 5, e.g., 110, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118; (iii) the interface between the Drug Specific App and the computer servers and the respective databases that store information captured by the Drug Specific App 10 and data and reports created by the Integrated Support Center 40 and accessed by the Drug Specific App 10; the interface between the Integrated Support Center 40 and the Drug Specific App 10 utilized to change the prescription on the Drug Specific App 10 as well as to update the App software as required, etc.

The Integrated Support Center 80 i module encompasses, for example, (i) securely handshaking/connecting the Drug Specific App 10 to the Integrated Support Center 40, (ii) sending to and receiving alerts from the Integrated Support Center 40, (iii) enabling the Integrated Support Center 40 to lock or unlock the Drug Dispenser 30, (iv) alert the Integrated Support Center 40 of unusual attempts to open the Drug Dispenser 30, (v) the ability of the Integrated Support Center 40 to remotely update the Drug Specific App software, and (vi) enables the Drug Specific App 10 to access patient reports, charts, and graphs, (vii) enables the patient to require a refill prescription be sent to his/her pharmacy for refill, etc.

The Patient Reporting 80 j module encompasses, as an example: (i) an ability by the Patient 50 to request certain reports, e.g., the last time the Patient 50 took the medication, prescription information details, drug details (brand and generics names, batch number, expiration date, doses remaining, reorder information, drug interactions, typical side effects, etc.; (ii) graphs and charts created by the Drug Specific App 10 based upon Interface Device 20 stored information; (iii) graphs, charts and/or reports downloaded from the Integrated Support Center's servers, etc.

The App and Dispensing Unit Operation Training Module 80 k encompasses, as an example, (i) a hot link to a video library resident on the Integrated Support Center's servers, You Tube, and/or other consumer video services covering all aspects of utilizing the Drug Specific App 10, using and troubleshooting the Drug Dispenser 30, (ii) a step by step tutorial resident on the Interface Device 20, (iii) a hot linked “help” button on each respective screen allowing the Patient 50 to bring up usage instructions for the respective screen without interrupting the sequence of entering the required prescription information or selecting a particular command, etc.

FIG. 3 The exemplary embodiment of the Biometric Authentication 90 interface encompasses a system that is compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which sets the standard for protecting sensitive patient data. This means that all the required physical, network, and process security measures are in place and followed and incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 4 The exemplary embodiment of the Patient Self-Reporting Screens 100, 102, 104 encompass, for example, an abdominal pain self-reporting scale adapted from Wong Baker Faces 100; the stool consistency utilizes the Bristol Stool Scale, a well-accepted stool measure 102; and the current abdominal discomfort scale was developed by MMC International from the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale 104. These are examples of patient self-reporting screens that can be utilized in the embodiment as an input to the Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15 to decide whether or not to dispense. The scales can be created, adapted, or integrated to capture the desired patient self-reported information. This can be, for example, for clinical trials, post marketing surveillance, and/or for incorporation into the Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15.

FIG. 5 The exemplary embodiment of the Digitally Captured information 110, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118 is illustrative for the types of digital information which can be collected and integrated into the Decision Tree/logic in the respective Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithms 15. The availability of disease specific Apps and related disease or condition specific digitalized health information is rapidly emerging, making the examples in FIG. 5 wanting not only for the disease information but for lifestyle, medications being taken, digital medication diagnostic and tracking devices, and environmental input, etc.

FIG. 6 The exemplary embodiment of a Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152 is illustrative of the Decision Tree, sequencing, and messaging that is utilized by each Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15. Biometric Authorization 120, 121, Product Expiration 122, and Properly Stored 123 are constant variables in the dispensing decision. The respective messages are either standard, as an example those related to locking the Drug Dispenser 130, 136, 142, 148 or Notify Call Center 132, 138, 144, 150, or Product Expired 132, 134 or the drug was not Properly Stored 138, 140, etc. Screens indicating why a drug is not “Allowed to Dispense” are specifically adapted to the drug and report the reasons why the drug was not dispensed 144, 146. Each Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15 is specifically developed to control the dispensing of a specific medication.

FIGS. 7A and 7B present the exemplary embodiment illustration of the Patient 50 interaction to dispense, as example, alosetron, a 5HT3 antagonist for the treatment of diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). The process begins by the Drug Dispensing App 160 alerting the Patient 50 that it is time to take his/her medication. If it is on a smart phone, it also changes the screen to the Drug Dispenser App 160 graphic′ and when the Patient 50 unlocks the phone, the screen automatically changes to the Biometric Authentication screen 162. Alternatively, the Patient 50 can click on the Drug Dispensing App 160 for alosetron, this is automatically followed by a Biometric Authentication screen 162, upon authentication, the screen automatically moves to the Patient Self-Assessment screens 164, 166, 168, 170. A click on a value of the self-assessment screen automatically moves the process to the next screen. If nothing is found to block dispensing by the alosetron Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15, then the Patient 15 sees the Dispense screen 172. By clicking on Dispense, the patient is then able to go to the related Drug Dispenser 30 and click, for example, on top of the dispenser to dispense a single dose—after which the Drug Dispenser goes back to a locked position. If the Patient 50 wants to change a prior entry before dispensing, he/she can use the devices scroll back capabilities to return to the right screen and change the selection. If the alosetron Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15 finds any reason not to allow dispensing, it selects from the appropriate drug specific screen to show why dispensing was rejected and to facilitate the Patient's ability to avail himself/herself of the proper medication support 176, 178, 180.

FIGS. 8A-8D are an exemplary embodiment of the alosetron Drug Specific App configured to capture all the Patient Self-Assessment information which is required by the FDA or EMA for the approval of a 5HT3 drug. The only difference to FIGS. 7A and 7B are the additional input screens 200, 202, 204, 208, 210, 212, 214 required by the regulatory agencies. The same Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15, decision tree, would be used for the clinical trial configuration as for the alosetron example in FIGS. 7A and 7B.

The embodiment is applicable for, as an example, clinical trials, post-launch surveillance, for the FDA's Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) programs, and to control and ensure drugs are efficacious and safe as dispensed within the Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15 as part of a prescribed drug regimen, etc.

FIG. 9 is an exemplary embodiment illustration of the Drug Dispenser 230, 232, 234 designed to be: (i) controlled by a Drug Specific App 10 resident on an Interface Device 20, (ii) water proof, (iii) tamper resistant, (iv) withstand being dropped and/or banged, to be rugged, (v) operate and withstand hot and cold temperatures within defined temperature ranges, (vi) reusable, (vii) rechargeable, and (viii) small enough to be carried in a pants pocket or purse. The Drug Dispenser 230 automatically recognizes the drug based upon the Drug Specific Drug Cassette 240 docked into the device. The Drug Specific Drug Cassette 240 can only be docked or removed by a healthcare professional. The Drug Dispenser 230 remains locked from dispensing unless it receives an encrypted signal from the authorized Drug Specific App 10. The Drug Dispenser 230 dispenses the drug with one click.

The Drug Dispenser 230 when interfaced through a digital handshake with the drug specific App transmits for example: (i) its serial number, (ii) the drug information on the Drug Specific Drug Cassette 240, (iii) current and historic temperatures since the last dispense, (iv) humidity exposure since the last dispense, and (iv) the date and time the drug was last dispensed.

FIG. 10 is an exemplary embodiment illustration of the Drug Specific Drug Cassette 240 designed: (i) to use approved drug packaging materials, (ii) to dock into the Drug Dispenser 242, 244, and (iii) as a blank cartridge which can accommodate a number of different pills, caplets, capsules, etc. within a specified size range. The blank Drug Specific Drug Cassette 240 is designed to be proprietary to the Drug Dispenser 230 and is marked, as part of the automated cassette fill operation, to allow the Drug Dispenser 230 to ascertain the: (i) name of the drug (brand and/or generic), (ii) drug's NDC number, (iii) drug batch number, (iv) drug's expiration date, etc. The cassette closure is designed to allow printing or any required regulatory information.

FIG. 11 presents exemplary embodiment of the Patient 50 specific charts 250, 252, 254 which illustrate the relationship between when the Patient 50 took their medication versus his/her self-assessment or digitally captured symptoms and/or diagnostic values. This clearly shows the relationship between the medication and symptoms. The charts or tables, which can be requested and viewed by the Patient 50 on the Interface Device 20 are designed to educate the patient and promote Patient 50 prescription compliance and persistence.

Prescribers 60 can utilize the information to ensure the medication is efficacious for the individual Patient 50, to titrate dosing, and to personalize drug therapy (for personalized medicine).

The respective charts, graphs, reports, etc. may be generated by the Drug Specific App 10 and/or by the Integrated Support Centers 40 centralized analytics platform.

FIG. 12 is an exemplary embodiment illustration of Drug Dispensers designed to serve the needs of most Patients 50. Approximately half of all Patients 50 take two medications and 20 percent take five or more. Consolidated Therapy App 270 automatically senses other Drug Specific Apps 10 that or on the Interface Device 20. It consolidates from two to many Drug Specific Apps 10 into a single user interface for all drugs—eliminating duplicate logins, entries, and record keeping. It in turn digitally handshakes with the Multi-Drug Dispenser 280 and uses the individual Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithms to control dispensing of each individual medication. Furthermore, it coordinates the dispensing schedules to have as few dispensing times, within the respective prescriptions, as possible. Multi-Drug Dispenser eliminates concerns about which drugs have to be taken when.

Illustrations 282, 284, 286, and 288 are exemplary of dispensing units containing from two drugs to five drugs. These units are standalone or can be docked into a Multi-Dispenser desktop unit.

FIG. 13 is an exemplary embodiment of the Drug Dispenser 292 and the Drug Specific App 294 interfaces with the: (i) centralized Servers, (ii) databases, and (iii) Analytics systems (the IT System 290), through the Interface Device 294 e, to ensure the Patient 304 is receiving the best care, tailored to the Patient (“personalized medicine”), for the prescribed Drug.

All the data collected by the Drug Specific App 294, from the Drug Dispenser 292, Digitally Captured Information 294 a, 294 b, 294 c, the Patient Self-Assessment screens 100, 102, 104 contained within the Drug Specific App 294, and the respective output of the Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15 are transmitted by the Drug Specific App 294 through the Interface Device 294 e to the appropriate Patient database on the centralized Servers 290. The data is utilized to update the respective patient screens used by the Disease Management Counselors in the Integrated Support Center. The data is also made available to the respective Drug Registries 306 and the related Electronic Medical Record 296. Any information that requires a communication with the Patient 304 and/or the Prescriber 308 is handled either automatically by the patient management software or by the Integrated Support Center 302.

The patient's information is continually analyzed by the analytical routines both individually for the patient as well as in comparison with treatment data from other like patients to ascertain if any changes in therapy may be warranted. This analytical capability is utilized by the Integrated Support Center 302 to assist Prescribers 308 when they are trying to develop a treatment plan for difficult patients. The Analytics 290 performed may include the patient's data, pooled patient information, as well as information from Electronic Medical Records 296, clinical studies, and publications, etc.

As further example of the embodiment, the centralized Servers and Analytics 290 provide the following, as well as other, exemplary backbone support:

For the Drug Specific App 294: (i) assigns the App to a specific Patient 304, (ii) links the Drug Dispenser 292 to the Drug Specific App 294 which in turn limits the dispenser and App only to work with one another, (iii) stores the App codes on server, and (iv) enables and updates the Drug Specific App software via communication with the Interface Device 294 e, etc.

For the Drug Dispenser 292: (i) stores all reported data in the designated databases on the Servers 290, (ii) syncs the patient data on all the respective Interface Devices 294 e; (iii) stores dispensing, dispensing attempts, lock, and malfunction data; (iv) transmits reports to patient via the Drug Specific App 294 on request; (v) enables lock or unlock transmission from the Integrated Support Center 302; changes the Drug prescription on the Drug Specific App 294 as imputed by the Disease Management Represented per the Prescribers 308 instructions, and (vi) stores the authorized medical professional identification code required for the professional to open the Drug Dispenser 292 in order to change or load the Drug Specific Drug Cassette 242, etc.

For the Integrated Support Center 302: (i) aggregate patient data, (ii) presents and updates data on patient specific Managed Care call center screens, (iii) provides the ability to change a Patient's 304 prescription, (iv) enables the remote locking and unlocking of individual Drug Dispensers 292 via their Drug Specific App, (v) enable drug specific transmissions to all Patients 304, (vi) enables simultaneously locking all Drug Dispenser 292 for a specific Drug in the event of a Drug recall, and enables medical professionals to open, load, and close the Drug Dispenser 292, etc.

For the Patient 304: (i) prepares patient specific communications, (ii) creates personalized charts and reports, and (iii) generates “Payer Outcomes Reports”, etc.

For Registries 306: (i) maintains the Registry 306, Electronic Medical Record 296 and App databases and analytics. (ii) prepares Therapy efficacy reports, (iii) prepares best practices reports, and (iv) through the Integrated Support Center provides Patient 304 specific diagnosis and therapy assistance to Prescribers 308 as requested.

For the Prescriber 308: (i) prepares and sends Patient 304 alerts, (ii) conducts meta-data analysis, prepares Patient specific reports and shares the results with the Prescriber 308, (iii) provides the Prescriber 308, through the Integrated Support Center 302, assistance/guidance based upon Prescriber 308 requested database and analytics queries, and (iv) prepares best practices reports based upon patient and Electronic Medical Records 296 meta-data analysis, etc.

For Electronic Medical Records 296: (i) interfaces with the Electronic Medical Record 296, (ii) updates Patient 304 dispensing, compliance, and persistence information, (iii) updates any Integrated Support Center counseling notes, and (iv) extracts patient data, within HIPAA guidelines, for meta-data analysis, etc.

FIG. 14 is an exemplary embodiment illustration of how the Integrated Support Center 310 interfaces with the Drug Specific App 312, the Patient 314, the Prescriber 318, and the Electronic Medical Record 316.

The Integrated Support Center's 310 interactions with the Patient 314 can be instigated by a number of different scenarios and take on many different forms. Examples include but are not limited to: (i) receipt of a patient alert from the Patient's Drug Specific Drug App 312; (ii) Patient 314 calls; (iii) answering Patient 314 questions about the device, App, the drug, or their therapy; (iv) Patient 314 counseling within the support center's guidelines; (v) locking the individual patient's Drug Dispenser 30 based upon: (a) an Drug Specific App alert, (b) an Integrated Support Center Analytics alert, (c) a patient conversation, etc.; (vi) unlocking the individual patient's Drug Dispenser 30 based upon: (a) a conversation with the Patient 314, (b) a conversation with the Prescriber 318, etc.

In addition, as an example, the Integrated Support Center 310 provides: (i) “Compliance” and “Adherence” support; (ii) outbound patient telephone calls; (iii) patient monitoring; (iv) emails and/or calls the patient's physician to recommend therapy change, etc.; (v) patient disease management education; (vi) ensures patient has access to their drug; (vii) as required, works with payers to obtain coverage for high cost medications; (viii) looks for prescription financial assistance programs; (ix) patient education and reeducation; (x) patient follow-up, and (xi) Medical Affairs support.

The Integrated Support Center's 310 interactions with the Prescriber 318 can be instigated by a number of different scenarios and take on many different forms. Examples include but are not limited to: (i) locking or unlocking a specific patient's Drug Dispenser 30; (ii) changing the prescription; (iii) patient specific physician support using the Integrated Support Center's 310 Analytics 290 to ascertain patient specific treatment alternatives; (iv) assist with patient specific data analysis; (v) provide disease/condition specific information; and (vi) Medical Affairs support, etc.

FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the design of a single drug Drug Dispenser 324. The size of said dispenser 324 in the exemplary being 3.8 inches tall by 2.5 inches wide by 9/16^(th) inches wide. The design incorporates a clam shell design 320, 330 with a pivot on one corner and a tamper resistant and waterproof seal on the opposite edge right before the corner. All design work meets the respective FDA 21 CFR 820 Quality System Regulation, design center ISO 13485:2003 certification and Risk Management process for design, ISO14971, requirements. The Drug Dispenser 320, 322, 324, 326, 328, 330 has been designed for manufacturing (on both PCB and plastics or sheet metal parts), assembly (PCBA and Box Build), and cost. The design incorporates failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to address all possible failures in design, manufacturing, assembly, interface with the Drug Specific App 10 or when used by a patient. It is designed for testing, continual design improvement, the environment, and reliability.

FIG. 16 is an exemplary embodiment illustration of the assembly and locking mechanism for the Drug Dispenser's 332 clamshell design. The interior of the top of the clamshell 334 incorporates hinges that marry with the hinges on the inside of the bottom clamshell interior 338. These are locked together with a hinge pin 336 that is treaded through the holes in the respective hinges, much the same as the hinges are held together on most common entry doors.

The top 334 and bottom 348 clamshells are locked closed and together by use of a microactuator moved locking bar 342. When the top of the clamshell is closed with the bottom clamshell, the locking bar is pulled down by the microactuator and the hook's male member docks into the the female orifice on the locking buttoms 344.

The design incorporates integrated supports 354 to ensure the intergrity and durability of the design. They are also instrumental in addind strength, as required, for adding anchors for the respecitive Drug Dispenser 332 components.

The design eliminates the ability to open the Drug Dispenser without an authorized signal to cause the microactuator to unlock 342. The Top Cap 340 is fitted to close the top of the Bottom Clamshell. The top of the Top Cap 340 covers the top of the Hinge Pin 336 and holds it in place. The Bottom Cap 350 covers the bottom of the Hinge Pin 336 and holds it in place.

The right interior to the Top Cap provides for a dock for the end of the Lock Bar 342 and allows it to move up and down, to lock or unlock, as required. The Bottom Cap 350 provides the seat that supports the Microacturator 342 that lock and unlocks the clamshell by moving the Lock Bar 342 up and down.

The Top 340 and Bottom 350 Caps are secured to the Bottom Clamshell Interior 348 by screws that securely marry each of the pieces together. The unit then forms a ridged platform for the Top Clamshell Interior 334 to dock with. When the Drug Dispenser 332 is closed, it forms a sturdy, tamper resistant housing for the Drug Specific Drug Cassette 240.

In order to provide the requisite downward pressure to ensure the unit is both water and dust resistant and to contribute to its rugged design, the Drug Dispenser 332 has a Clasp Lock 346 designed to exert the desired level of pressure on the closing joints to secure design integrity.

In this embodiment, the Top Cap 338 incorporate the one click dispensing button. The Bottom Cap 352 houses the dispensing port.

FIG. 17 is an exemplary embodiment of the Drug Dispenser's 324 electronics and features schematic. The Drug Dispenser's 324 system is comprised of an Applications Processor 368 that contains the units Firmware, individual Drug Dispenser 324 serial number, and manages all functions. The main unit components are the: (i) communications connectivity 362 module, (ii) its data transfer capability 366, (iii) the units sensors and/or applications 364 that allow the unit to authenticate the user, sense efforts to tamper/open the unit without authority, measure drug storage temperature and humidity, to time time stamp an action or event (clock function), and locate the unit via GPS; (iv) the display module 370; (v) the Power Management and recharge system 376; (vi) Memory management 374; (vii) Cassette Controller which rotates the Drug Specific Drug Cassette 240 which enables dispensing as well as the unit to read specific drug cassette information; (viii) the Dosage Dispenser system 372; and (ix) the various components designed to facilitate and protect the different system functions.

FIG. 18 is an exemplary embodiment of the placement of electronics and mechanical components on the outside and within the Drug Dispenser. The front of the Drug Dispenser 380 contains an On Off Button 382 which the user can depress if the Drug Dispenser 380 does not automatically come on when the Drug Specific App 10 handshakes with the Drug Dispenser 380. When a handshake is effectuated or the On Off Button 382 are pushed, a blue led light comes on 384. The light 384 turns to green if the unit is ready to dispense, yellow 384 if it is awaiting authority to dispense, and red 384 if the unit is locked and will not dispense. The display on 386 resides on the center of the face, Front View, of the Drug Dispenser 380.

A number of components fit on the Top Clamshell Interior 388; these include: (i) the On Off Button 382 switch 390, (ii) the LED status light 384 LED and electronics 394; (iii) the battery, power management, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS and antenna systems 392; (iv) the LED Screen 386 electronics and management system 396; and (v) the drug dispensing actuator arm and dispensing lock 398. The Bottom Clamshell Interior 400 houses the: (vi) single click Dispensing Button 402; (vii) the Logic, Controls, Processor and Memory Board and its various components 404; (viii) Temperature and Humidity sensors 406; (iv) the Attempting Tampering Sensors 412; (x) the Cassette Rotation Motor and Controller (works like a CD-Rom rotator) 410; (xi) the Drug Cassette Reader 408; (xii) the Clamshell Lock microactuator controller 414, and (xiii) the Dispensing Door Controller 416.

IV. Examples

The embodiment of the invention can be utilized, for among other uses, 1) to improve the drug's safety profile by ensuring proper, personalized drug utilization (e.g., Dispensing), 2) as a diagnostic aid/tool, 3) to preclude drug related adverse events, 4) to decrease the chance of addiction, 5) to preclude overdosing, 6) to manage drug dependence withdrawal, 7) to manage oral patient controlled analgesia, 7) to preclude drug divergence, 8) to guard the medication against accidental ingestion by a child, and 9) to capture the information required and control drug dispensing during clinical trials.

A. Dispensing

Ensuring the proper utilization of antihypertensive medications serves as an example of how the embodiment can be used to ensure proper drug utilization. As patients get older, they have a tendency to gain weight and to develop comorbidities. These factors can interfere with how the medication is metabolized and alter the need or effectiveness of the drug over time. As a result, certain patients may become dizzy or faint as a result of a hypotensive event. If the patient is prescribed an antihypertensive, it is beneficial to prevent a potential hypotensive event, especially as it may lead to an untoward accident.

Under the current embodiment, the patient would be prescribed an antihypertensive dispensed using the Drug Specific App 10 controlled Drug Dispenser 30. When the Patient 50 clicks on the Drug Specific App 10 to take his/her next dose, the Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15 would automatically check to ensure the drug has not expired, and if it has not, then to see if it has been stored correctly, and if the Drug has been stored correctly, then, for example, it would handshake with designated devices to digitally capture blood pressure and heart rate information. Thereafter, it asks the Patient 50 at least one Patient Self-Assessment question. Examples include but are not limited to: (i) have you gotten dizzy since the last time you took your antihypertensive medication, (ii) do you have blurry vision, (iii) have you felt like fainting since you took your last antihypertensive, etc. If the patient answered yes to any of the Patient Self-Assessment questions, the Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15 would check the trending of the Patient's 50 blood pressure and heart rate information since the last dose. If the indication would be that the Patient 50 may suffer a hypotensive event as defined by the Decision Tree, the Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15 would lock the Drug Dispenser 30 and inform the Patient 50 that he/she should call the Integrated Support Center 40 or talk with their Prescriber 60 or a physician prior to being able to dispense the next dose, even if the dose is within prescribing parameters. After talking with the Patient 50, the Disease Management representative at the Integrated Support Center 40 can decide within their operating constraints whether or not to unlock the Drug Dispenser 30 and allow the Patient 50 to dispense and take the prescribe antihypertensive. If not appropriate, the representative would send an email, text, and/or call the Prescriber 60 to advise him/her that an adjustment has to be made to the Patient's 50 hypertension treatment. The Drug Dispenser 30 can then be unlocked and allowed to dispense the medication if those are the Prescriber's 60 instructions or the prescription can be changed based upon the Prescriber's 60 instructions.

In the process, an accident and/or costlier intervention can be averted, the drug efficacy for the specific Patient 50 is assured, the patient's quality of care is personalized and improved, and the patient's quality of life is enhanced.

B. Diagnostic

The embodiment of the Invention can also be utilized to assist in diagnosis. As an example, there are many different types of pain and different types of headaches. Patients will generally begin by self-medicating with over the counter (OTC) analgesics such as aspirin. As the pain or discomfort increases, patients increase the number of tablets taken (i.e., the dosage), as well as the frequency of self-medication. At a certain point, they go to their doctor seeking adequate relief.

When the doctor talks with the Patient 50, he/she may describe many different types of pain, making it difficult to diagnose. Pain has multiple causes, and people respond to it in multiple and individual ways. The pain that one person pushes their way through might be incapacitating to someone else.

Headaches represents an example. It is important to figure out what type of headache is causing the pain. If the doctor knows the type of headache, he/she can treat it correctly. However, as was highlighted by a 2004 study, 80% of people who had a recent history of self-described or doctor-diagnosed sinus headache, but no signs of sinus infection, actually met the criteria for migraine. The following discusses the different types of headaches:

-   -   1) Tension headaches, the most common type of headache, can         generally be adequately treated with over-the-counter treatments         such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or acetaminophen (Tylenol). Experts         believe these may be caused by the contraction of neck and scalp         muscles (including in response to stress), and possibly changes         in brain chemicals.     -   2) Cluster headaches, which affect more men than women, are         recurring headaches that occur in groups or cycles. They appear         suddenly and are characterized by severe, debilitating pain on         one side of the head, and are often accompanied by a watery eye         and nasal congestion or a runny nose on the same side of the         face. During an attack, people often feel restless and unable to         get comfortable; they are unlikely to lie down, as someone with         a migraine might. The cause of cluster headaches is unknown, but         there may be a genetic component. There is no cure, but         medication can cut the frequency and duration.     -   3) Sinus headaches occur when a sinus becomes inflamed, often         due to an infection. They can generally be diagnosed by symptoms         or the presence of pus viewed through a fiber-optic scope.         Headaches due to sinus infection can be treated with         antibiotics, as well as antihistamines or decongestants.     -   4) Rebound headaches, ironically, can be caused by the overuse         of painkillers for headaches. Culprits include over-the-counter         medications like aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol), or ibuprofen         (Motrin, Advil), as well as prescription drugs.     -   5) Migraine headaches can run in families and are diagnosed         using certain criteria: (i) at least five previous episodes of         headaches, (ii) last between 4-72 hours, (iii) at least two out         of four headaches have one-sided pain, throbbing pain,         moderate-to-severe pain, and pain that interferes with, is         worsened by, or prohibits routine activity, and (iv) at least         one of the following is associated with the pain: nausea and/or         vomiting, or, if those are not present, then sensitivity to         light and sound. A migraine may be foreshadowed by aura, such as         visual distortions or hand numbness. (About 15 percent to 20         percent of people with migraines experience these.)     -   6) Mixed headache syndrome, also called transformed migraines,         is a combination of migraine and tension headaches.     -   7) Acute headaches are headaches that occur suddenly and have         symptoms that subside after a relatively short period of time.     -   8) Hormone headaches are often associated with women's changing         hormone levels during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause.         Chemically induced hormone changes, such as with birth control         pills, also trigger headaches in some women.     -   9) Chronic progressive headaches also called traction or         inflammatory headaches, are chronic progressive headaches that         get worse and happen more often over time. These are the least         common type of headache, accounting for less than five percent         of all headaches in adults and less than two percent of all         headaches in kids. Chronic progressive headaches may be the         result of an illness or disorder of the brain or skull.

Diagnosis requires a headache evaluation that includes: (i) headache history, (ii) description of the headaches, (iii) headache symptoms, (iv) characteristics, (v) a list of things that cause the headache, (vi) aggravate the headache, and (vii) things the patient has done to relieve a headache. The patient is also requested to keep a headache diary.

The proper treatment will depend on several factors, including the type and frequency of the headache and its cause. There are many migraine and headache medications and other treatments are available. The appropriate treatment often depends on the type of headache.

Headache pain may need to be managed with medications. Headache drugs used to treat headache pain can be grouped into three different categories: symptomatic relief (drugs used to treat the headache pain or accompanying symptoms of migraines like nausea), abortive therapy (drugs used to stop a migraine headache), and preventive therapy (drugs used to prevent a migraine). Botox injections represents another migraine and headache treatment.

The way the body responds to migraine and headache medications may change over time, so medications may need to be adjusted.

The embodiment of the Invention enables the aggregation of Patient 50 specific dispensing information and Patient Self-Assessment information specifically developed to assist in the diagnosis and management of headaches.

C. Management of Complex Drug Therapy

Cystic fibrosis (CF) serves as an example of how the system can be utilized to manage complex drug therapy. There is no cure for CF, but treatment can ease symptoms and reduce complications, physician office visits and hospitalizations. Close monitoring and early, aggressive intervention is recommended.

Managing CF is complex, so treatment is best if managed by a center that specializes in cystic fibrosis. The goals of treatment include: (i) preventing and controlling lung infections, (ii) loosening and removing mucus from the lungs, (iii) preventing and treating intestinal blockage, (iv) providing adequate nutrition, and (v) medications.

The patient must take multiple drugs, the schedule and combination which must be personalized for each patient. The medicines include those to help treat or prevent lung infections, reduce swelling and open up the airways, and thin mucus. If the patient has mutations in a gene called G551D, which occurs in about 5 percent of people who have CF, the doctor may prescribe the oral medicine ivacaftor (approved for people with CF who are 6 years of age and older). Adherence and persistence with each drug regimen is critical to avoid costly complications. The options include:

-   -   a. antibiotics to treat and prevent lung infections (Most people         with CF have ongoing, low-grade lung infections. Sometimes,         these infections become so serious that the patient may need to         be hospitalized. Antibiotics are the primary treatment.)     -   b. mucus-thinning drugs to help the patient cough up the mucus,         which improves lung function.     -   c. bronchodilators to help keep the airways open by relaxing the         muscles around the bronchial tubes, and     -   d. oral pancreatic enzymes to help your digestive tract absorb         nutrients.

The embodiment of the Invention enables the complex management of the CF Patient 50 via the utilization of the Multi-Drug Dispenser 280. The Consolidated Therapy App 270 consolidates from two to as many Drug Specific Apps 10 as are resident on the Interface Device 20 into a single user interface for all drugs—eliminating duplicate logins, entries, and record keeping. It in turn digitally handshakes with the Multi-Drug Dispenser 280 and uses the individual Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithms 15 to control dispensing of each individual medication. Furthermore, it coordinates the dispensing schedules to have as few dispensing times, within the respective prescriptions, as possible. Multi-Drug Dispenser 280 eliminates concerns about which drugs have to be taken when. It can also be programmed to provide alerts for the patient to take his/her related injectable and/or inhaled medications. In this way, the Dispensing System simplifies CF drug management, encourages prescription compliance and persistence, avoids complications, and thereby reduces the total cost of treating a CF patient by decreasing the number of physician interventions and hospitalizations.

D. Opioids

Opioid medications (examples include: codeine, fentanyl and analogs, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone, oxycodone, Oxymorphone, etc.) are effective in controlling pain. However, physicians are reluctant to prescribe them due to their overdose, abuse, addiction and divergence potential and related REMS programs. Some patients are also reluctant to take them due to their addiction potential. The embodiment provides control and real time monitoring and thereby address each of these shortcomings.

Overdosing is addressed by the inability of the patient to dispense a dose more frequently than allowed by the prescription. This is handled by the Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15 which controls dispensing by the Drug Dispenser 30.

Abuse is addressed by the design of the tamper resistant Drug Dispenser 230. The Drug Specific Drug Cassette 240 can only be docked with the Drug Dispenser 244 by an authorized medical professional. Any attempt by an unauthorized person to open the Drug Dispenser 244 triggers a signal to the Drug Specific App 10 which automatically locks the Drug Dispenser 244 and alerts the Integrated Support Center 40. The Integrated Support Center 40 then calls the Patient 50 to ascertain why they are trying to open the Drug Dispenser 30. At this point, the Integrated Support Center 40 works with the Patient 50 to address any dispensing related issues and unlocks the Drug Dispenser 30 or, if attempted abuse is suspected, contacts the Prescriber 60 to alert them of the conversation with the Patient 50 and asks the Prescriber 60 whether or not the Drug Dispenser 30 should remain locked or if it should be unlocked. If authorized, the Integrated Support Center 40 updates the Electronic Medical Record 70 related to the calls to the Patient 50 and the Prescriber 60.

The potential for addiction is mitigated by: (i) the patient's inability to dose more frequently than the prescribed medication schedule, (ii) by tracking attempted earlier than prescribed dosing events, (iii) by capturing any attempts to open the Drug Dispenser 30, and (iv) through the use of patient self-assessment 100, 102, 104 and/or digitally captured relevant information, trended over time, to ascertain the effectiveness of the drug on the specific patient. The centralized drug specific patient and population focused analytics programs 290 are designed to take a myriad of patient specific actions and inputs into account in order to identify potential movement of the Patient 50 toward addiction. When potential addiction is identified, the analytics software 290 is programmed to alert the Integrated Support Center 40 so they may alert the Prescriber 60 and update the patient's Electronic Medical Record 70.

Divergence is precluded by a number of combined features: (i) the serial number of the Drug Specific Drug Cassette 240 and the drug's batch number are digitally married to the Drug Dispenser 244, (ii) the serial number of the Drug Dispenser 230 is linked to the Patient's Drug Specific App 10, (iii) the use of the Drug Specific App is restricted to a specific Patient 50, and (iv) the Drug Specific App 10 requires a biometric login 90 to access the Drug Specific App 10 in order to instruct the Drug Dispenser 230 to dispense the drug. The unit further supplies additional control of the drug being taken can be tracked with RFID tracking which would allow the Drug Specific App 10 to track the drug until it is ingested by the patient. The time interval between the time the drug is dispensed and the time it is ingested, over time, provides an indication of compliance or abuse. When coupled with mega-data analytics conducted by the Integrated Support Center, the probability of accurately identifying potential abusers is significantly increased.

The system is designed to comply with the respective REMS program and to virtually eliminate required data capture and automate patient specific tracking and dispensing report preparation. The Integrated Support Center 40 will also support the Prescriber 60 by preparing the required REMS reports encompassing all his/her patients.

The system also allows for the redefinition of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs by closing the loop between pharmacies and healthcare providers and the patient by controlling and tracking use on an individual patient basis.

Attributes of the system enable oral patient controlled analgesia. Studies have shown that patients that have the ability to self-medicate as warranted, e.g., PRN with set prescription parameters, tend to use less medication, further mitigating potential side effects.

The system may also be utilized to predict, for example, opioid related constipation and to alert the patient to take a laxative at the appropriate time. If the system's multi-drug dispenser is utilized, the program can dispense the laxative as well as the opioid and/or other medication as prescribed.

E. Addiction and Withdrawal

Addiction is a global crisis with an estimated 2.4 million opioid-dependent people in United States, 1.3 million in Europe and twenty million in the rest of the world. Opioid overdose is the second leading cause of accidental death in the US. Overdoses claimed 16,000 lives in the United States alone in 2012.

If other kinds of addiction are added, 4.5% of disease and injury around the globe can be attributed to alcohol, and these numbers are most likely underreported. The true population that suffers from opioid, prescription drug, and alcohol addiction is estimated to be much greater.

Addiction can either be treated with buprenorphine and/or naloxone (examples of brand names include Butrans, Suboxone, Zubsolv). In cases of physical dependent, withdrawal must be managed through the gradual decrease of doses of the dependent drug (e.g., barbiturates, benzodiazepines, methamphetamines, narcotics, opioids, methadone, etc.).

Appropriate precautions must be taken to minimize risk of misuse, abuse, or diversion, appropriate protection from theft, and unintended pediatric exposure; much the same as with the opioids. In addition, appropriate clinical monitoring as to the patient's level of stability is essential. The embodiment of the system provides control and real time monitoring and thereby address each of these shortcomings.

Overdosing is addressed by the inability of the patient to dispense a dose more frequently than allowed by the prescription. This is handled by the Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15 which controls dispensing by the Drug Dispenser 30. The controls are in place even for the Drug Specific App 10 and Drug Dispenser 30 enabled oral PRN dosing regimen.

Abuse is addressed by the design of the tamper resistant Drug Dispenser 230. The Drug Specific Drug Cassette 240 can only be docked with the Drug Dispenser 244 by an authorized medical professional. Any attempt by an unauthorized person to open the Drug Dispenser 244 triggers a signal to the Drug Specific App 10 which automatically locks the Drug Dispenser 244 and alerts the Integrated Support Center 40. The Integrated Support Center 40 then calls the Patient 50 to ascertain why they are trying to open the Drug Dispenser 30. At this point, the Integrated Support Center 40 works with the Patient 50 to address any dispensing related issues and unlocks the Drug Dispenser 30 or, if attempted abuse is suspected, contacts the Prescriber 60 to alert them of the conversation with the Patient 50 and asks the Prescriber 60 whether or not the Drug Dispenser 30 should remain locked or if it should be unlocked. If authorized, the Integrated Support Center 40 updates the Electronic Medical Record 70 related to the calls to the Patient 50 and the Prescriber 60.

The potential for addiction is mitigated by: (i) the patient's inability to dose more frequently than the prescribed medication schedule, (ii) by tracking attempted earlier than prescribed dosing events, (iii) by capturing any attempts to open the Drug Dispenser 30, and (iv) through the use of patient self-assessment 100, 102, 104 and/or digitally captured relevant information, trended over time, to ascertain the effectiveness of the drug on the specific patient. The centralized drug specific patient and population focused analytics programs 290 are designed to take a myriad of patient specific actions and inputs into account in order to identify potential movement of the Patient 50 toward addiction. When potential addiction is identified, the analytics software 290 is programmed to alert the Integrated Support Center 40 so they may alert the Prescriber 60 and update the patient's Electronic Medical Record 70.

Divergence is precluded by a number of combined features: (i) the serial number of the Drug Specific Drug Cassette 240 and the drug's batch number are digitally married to the Drug Dispenser 244, (ii) the serial number of the Drug Dispenser 230 is linked to the Patient's Drug Specific App 10, (iii) the use of the Drug Specific App is restricted to a specific Patient 50, and (iv) the Drug Specific App 10 requires a biometric login 90 to access the Drug Specific App 10 in order to instruct the Drug Dispenser 230 to dispense the drug.

The system is designed to comply with the respective REMS program and to virtually eliminate required data capture and automate patient specific tracking and dispensing report preparation. The Integrated Support Center 40 will also support the Prescriber 60 by preparing the required REMS reports encompassing all his/her patients.

F. Clinical Trial

The system is designed to capture, store, analyze, and act upon drug specific patient reported self-assessment (AKA self-reported outcomes, patient-reported outcomes, PROs, etc.) and digitally captured physiological, psychological, lifestyle, other drugs currently being taken, and environmental information along with the drug's prescription and drug dispensing history in order for the Drug Specific App 10 to decide if the drug should or should not be dispensed. Dispensing can be precluded by the Drug Specific App 15 if the required dispensing criteria are not met, even if without the self assessment and digitally captured data, the prescription would normally allow dispensing.

Most of the time, clinical outcomes are held as the ultimate outcome in a clinical trial because they often provide more objective interpretation, increased reliability and greater simplicity of interpretation. However, certain disease conditions require consideration of subjective outcomes. As a result, regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, are combining patient reported outcomes (PROs) and clinical outcomes in their approval decisions. Examples include the: (i) FDA's “Guidance for Industry, Irritable Bowel Syndrome—Clinical Evaluation of Drugs for Treatment”, dated May 2012 and (ii) the European Medicines Agency (EMA) “Guideline on the evaluation of medicinal products for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome” dated April 2015. They utilize a combination of PROs and patient self-assessment reporting to measure primary and secondary endpoints required for regulatory approval of any 5HT3 drugs for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Interest in developing and applying patient-reported outcomes (PROs) across the drug development and postmarket spectrum is growing—among sponsors, clinicians, payers, regulators and patients. A growing number of clinical trials now are going beyond conventional randomized control measurements to collect self-reported outcomes from patients—focusing on improving patients' involvement by including their perspectives throughout the drug development process. An analysis of sponsor-funded interventional studies listed on CenterWatch's Clinical Trials Listing Service found between 2005 and 2007, only 6.1% of total study procedures involved some type of subjective outcome assessment. That grew to 11.8% in the 2008 to 2010 timeframe and, most recently, between 2011 and 2013, increased to 16.3% of total study procedures. PROs can capture a range of information, from symptom changes and level of functioning, to health-related qualify of life and treatment satisfaction and adherence.

Although their value is widely recognized, PRO use often is inconsistent and underutilized in understanding how patients feel in relation to their diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, etc. Generally, regulatory agencies do not require sponsors to consider PROs in clinical trials and, until recently, did not do much to encourage their use. However, signs point to that sentiment is changing. Janet Woodcock, M.D., director of the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation & Research (CDER) stated: “We understand that people with chronic diseases are experts in that disease, as far as the symptoms and the impact on quality of life, and what might be acceptable tradeoffs on risk and uncertainty. The challenge for the FDA is incorporating that knowledge in a way that accurately informs regulatory decisions.” She asked, “how can we meaningfully collect that knowledge in a rigorous manner, given there's a spectrum of opinions and a spectrum of disease burden in any given disease?” PRO measurements often are used to evaluate products that treat chronic, disabling conditions, for which the goal of treatment is focused on alleviating the frequency, severity or duration of disease symptoms.

PROs generally are used as primary endpoints in clinical trials in indications such as migraines and irritable bowel syndrome, in which specific symptoms play a major role in treatment. PROs also are important in the final product labeling manufacturers are allowed to use to promote their products, and to clinicians seeking information to support their prescribing choices. Now, trials for psychiatric and age-related illnesses, among others, are including PROs as part of the protocol design.

Pain studies initially used PROs as a primary outcome in a clinical trial because attempts to obtain an objective measure of pain through a dolorimeter, a spring-loaded instrument with a gauge for measuring sensitivity to, or levels of, pain, or through a galvanic skin response lacked validity compared to simple pain scales. Other disease examples where PROs are preferable include neurology, depression, anxiety, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) which may utilize co-primary and/or key secondary PROs.

Keeping trial participants involved also is the hallmark of the publication and promotion of the FDA's PRO guidance at the end of 2009. In 2011, the FDA took the next step, seeking multiple ways to give the patient a clear voice in clinical research by ensuring all measurements and outcomes reflect what is happening with the patient through instruments or tools, along with PROs. Increasingly, we are seeing patients in clinical trials demanding to know what is going on and they want to be given a greater voice.

Generally, larger clinical sites can handle adding PROs more easily, while smaller sites, especially in more remote locations, can find it more challenging. Collecting data directly from the patient can provide stronger information. As an example, patients can be hesitant to report outcomes if they have been asked to take a medication a certain way and have not done so.

Furthermore, collecting data through specific data streams provides, in some cases, better quality. Patients will contact the independent group, such as the clinical trial CRO or in the embodiment, the Integrated Support Center 40 and not necessarily go back to their physicians for technical issues and concerns.

While using PROs is becoming critical in many clinical trials to prove safety and effectiveness to gain FDA approval, the next step for biopharmaceutical companies and payers will be to combine PROs with other observational studies to create real world evidence (RWE). RWE is becoming essential for sound medical coverage, payment and reimbursement decisions, according to the International Society for Pharmaeconomics Outcomes Research Real-World Data Task Force. RWE can be used with randomized clinical trials to design more efficient trials and understand a drug's benefit-risk profile, as well as to gain understanding of the market for launch planning, according to the task force. RWE shows how a drug is accepted from patients who have experience using it. It reveals how a drug is utilized in different geographies and can be used to help frame policy or regulatory decisions. It is a highly credible source of information.

The embodiment provides:” (i) the requisite data capture, (ii) patient involvement, (iii) dispensing control, (iv) avoidance of certain drug related side effects, (v) real time reminders for the patient to take the medication, (vi) intervention alerts if the patient fails to take their medication within a predefined time interval, (vii) dispensing tracking (date and time), (viii) real time monitoring, and (ix) reporting. It addresses the shortcomings of current systems to capture and compile real time, patient and drug specific data to facilitate ongoing clinical trial data aggregation, analysis, and reporting while minimizing the number of calls to the clinical trial physician.

Under the current embodiment, the patient would be prescribed the medication to be dispensed per a defined prescription using the Drug Specific App 10 controlled Drug Dispenser 30. When the Patient 50 clicks on the Drug Specific App 10 to take his/her next dose, the Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15 automatically handshakes with the Drug Dispenser 30, handshakes with defined digital devices (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, etc.) FIG. 5 and downloads the latest data to the Interface Device's 20 Drug Specific App 10 data base, checks to ensure the drug has not expired, and if it has not, then to see if it has been stored correctly. If the Drug has been stored correctly, then, for example, it automatically moves to the next screen and asks the Patient 50 to answer the specific questions. In this example, the Patient 50 would answer the PRO and data capture screens 194 to 214 required by the FDA and EMA to get approval for a 5HT3 drug to treat IBS-D. The ability to capture the requisite PRO primary and secondary end point data and the related compliance and persistence data are illustrated in FIG. 8. These screens can be configured to capture and aggregate drug specific information.

The Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15 then utilizes its decision tree FIG. 6 to check the prescription instructions and when the drug was last dispensed to ascertain if the drug can be dispensed. It then either generates a screen stating that the dose will not be authorized for a specific period of time 222 or proceeds to ascertain if the designated digital and self-assessment reported values allow the medication to be dispensed. If yes, then the screen shows a green dispense 216. If the Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm 15 indicates that the patient should not receive the medication, even if it is within the prescription guidelines, then it will either generate, for example, a screen stating that the dose is not warranted at the specific time and provide the Patient 50 the ability to click on dial to call the Integrated Support Center 40 or if a problem is ascertained, it will either show a specifically designed screen or a screen that the Integrated Support Center should be called 224. The type and sequence of screens is dictated by the drug's clinical trial data capture requirements. The algorithm can contain routines that only ask for specific information if certain predefined criteria are met.

Every non-fruitful event to dispense the medication is tracked. At a certain point the Drug Specific Dispensing Algorithm's 15 logic will send a message for the Integrated Support Center 40 to call the Patient 50.

The embodiment allows for better prescription compliance, an improved drug safety profile, increased prescription persistence, uniform data capture, facilitates data analysis, decreases required interventions by the clinical trial physician(s), decreases the cost of the trial, and provides real time data capture and analysis.

G. Intermittent Chronic Conditions

There are a number of chronic conditions that come and go and do not always require treatment. Examples include IBS, pain, allergies, arthritis, certain heart conditions, anxiety, depression, intermittent claudication, etc. The Drug Specific App 10 is capable of being programmed to control PRN dosing in various configurations and schedules. This allows for real time data capture which is useful in in diagnosis, patient management, and dispensing control.

H. Revitalization of Select Drugs that Previously Failed to Get Regulatory Approval

There are a myriad of drugs that failed to get regulatory approval due to dosing-related side effects. Examples include certain 5HT³ antagonists used to treat diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). Some physicians hypothesize that there is a relationship between dosing (both strength and frequency) and constipation. In turn, that constipation has a relationship with Ischemic colitis.

Patients prefer to use PRN dosing. They can take the medication when symptoms arise and continue taking it until they resolve themselves. Lostronex® (alosetron), a 5HT³, approved only in the United States which requires a complex REMS program, serves an example of how the Embodiment can transform drugs that failed to get approval with similar profiles into approvable agents. To lower the risk of constipation, Lostronex® should be started at a dosage of 0.5 mg twice a day. Patients who become constipated at this dosage should stop taking Lostronex® until the constipation resolves. They may be restarted at 0.5 mg once a day. If constipation recurs at the lower dose, Lostronex® should be discontinued immediately.

Patients well controlled on 0.5 mg once or twice a day may be maintained on this regimen. If after 4 weeks the dosage is well tolerated but does not adequately control IBS symptoms, then the dosage can be increased to up to 1 mg twice a day. Lostronex® should be discontinued in patients who have not had adequate control of IBS symptoms after 4 weeks of treatment with 1 mg twice a day.

Cilansetron, a more potent 5HT3 antagonist for the treatment of IBS-D failed to get FDA and European regulatory approval because of the concerns related to potential constipation that could potentially lead to ischemic colitis. The utilization of the system designed to identify and block dispensing FIG. 4 if potential constipation is suspected would address this concern. If we use the Lotronex® example, the system could also change the dosing to allow PRN dosing using, for example, 0.5 mg for up to four times per day. This would control the maximum dosing to 2 mg per day. The system would ensure compliance with the prescription and would protect against potential constipation. 

1-93. (canceled)
 94. A drug dispensing system, comprising: (i) hardware comprising: (a) an interface device having a computer processor and memory storing computer code to execute a drug specific app with a plurality of modules wherein the interface device has internet communication capability and is selected from the group consisting of a smart phone, a computer, or a tablet computer wherein the smart phone, the computer or the tablet computer are in communication with a separate drug dispenser device, or wherein the interface device is a standalone tamper-resistant drug dispenser device having a computer processor and memory storing computer code to execute the drug specific app with a plurality of modules, and (b) at least one digital data capture device and/or at least one RFID drug chip; wherein the drug specific app is assigned to a specific patient; (ii) a biometric authentication module to authenticate the patient and to ensure digitally captured data is from the patient; (iii) a prescription module comprising a prescription for the patient; (iv) an application program interface (API) (a) between the separate drug dispenser device and the smart phone, the computer or the tablet computer to link the drug dispenser device to the drug specific app, or (b) in the standalone drug dispenser device to link it to the drug specific app; (v) one or more APIs between (a) the interface device and one or more digital data capture devices, and/or (b) the interface device and one or more RFID drug chips; (vi) a drug specific dispensing algorithm module; and (vii) an interface device database module, comprising digitally-captured or patient-entered patient values, drug information, and dispensing-related information; wherein the system utilizes information selected from the group consisting of prescription information, drug information, drug dispenser device information, patient self-assessment information, digitally captured physiological, psychological, lifestyle information, information of medications administered to the patient, environmental data information, and combinations thereof, wherein the system captures such information before, during or after each drug dispensing and which is utilized by the drug specific diagnostic algorithm to decide if the separate or standalone drug dispenser device should dispense the drug or preclude dispensing and stay locked even in circumstances when the prescribed dose would have otherwise been allowed by the prescription, thereby preventing dose-mediated adverse events; and wherein the drug specific diagnostic algorithm further utilizes symptom data obtained from the patient regarding the patient's symptoms and, based on the symptom data, decides if the separate or standalone drug dispenser device should dispense the drug or preclude dispensing and stay locked even in circumstances when the prescribed dose would have otherwise been allowed by the prescription, thereby preventing dose-mediated adverse events.
 95. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the symptoms analyzed by the drug specific diagnostic algorithm are selected from the group consisting of pupil size, level of pain, stool and bowel movement information, respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation, pulse, heart rhythm, blood pressure, gait, muscle spasms, and skin temperature.
 96. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the drug dispenser comprises an opioid.
 97. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the drug specific dispensing algorithm automatically handshakes with the separate or standalone drug dispenser device and the one or more digital capture devices.
 98. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the drug specific dispensing algorithm downloads data captured by the one or more digital capture devices to the interface device.
 99. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app checks a serial number of the separate or standalone drug dispenser device to ensure it is authorized to interface with the app.
 100. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app checks the expiration date of the drug.
 101. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app checks the storage temperature history to ensure the drug has been stored within a specific temperature range.
 102. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app checks the storage humidity history to ensure the drug has been stored within an authorized humidity range.
 103. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app retrieves drug information from the separate or standalone drug dispenser device.
 104. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app is designed to receive alerts of unauthorized attempts to open the separate or standalone drug dispenser device.
 105. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app stores a drug's prescription and dosing schedule.
 106. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app reminds the patient to take his/her medication and after a specific period of time alerts the integrated support center and/or authorized care givers that the patient has not taken his/her medication.
 107. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app is designed to automatically handshake with the patient's digital diagnostic, monitoring and/or tracking devices.
 108. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app presents drug specific patient self-assessment and/or data input screen(s).
 109. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app maintains a database of patient responses captured by self-assessment and/or data input screen(s) and digitally captured values.
 110. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the interface device is a smart phone.
 111. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app allows the patient to click on a screen to automatically call the integrated support center.
 112. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app records all unsuccessful attempts to dispense a dose earlier than prescribed.
 113. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app has reporting routines that allow the patient to request certain reports created using the patient self-assessment, digital captured information, drug dispenser information, and/or dosing information to ascertain if the drug is efficacious for the patient and the effect that dosing has on the patient's condition and/or symptoms.
 114. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app effectuates a handshake with the integrated support center's computers.
 115. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app downloads the patient's drug related dispensing information, comprising drug dispenser, patient self-assessment, or digitally captured information into the patient's records in the integrated support center's database.
 116. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app allows the patient to request specific drug related information stored in the app.
 117. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app allows the patient to request specific reports or information stored on the integrated support center's servers.
 118. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app allows the patient to correct responses entered in prior screens before dispensing the medication.
 119. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app contains a copy of or enables access to a patient app and drug dispenser operations training and troubleshooting manual.
 120. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the app further comprises a GPS module to record the patient's location to ascertain where the patient is when the medication is dispensed.
 121. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the drug dispenser device comprises an integrated drug cassette or a replaceable drug cassette.
 122. The drug dispensing system according to claim 98, wherein the drug specific dispensing algorithm prompts the patient self-assessment module to ask the patient one or more questions about his/her condition.
 123. The drug dispensing system according to claim 94, wherein the drug dispenser device further comprises a replaceable drug cassette and wherein the app further comprises a security system to limit the ability to change the replaceable drug cassette to an authorized medical professional.
 124. A method of treating a patient having a condition or disease utilizing a drug dispensing system, comprising: (i) hardware comprising: (a) an interface device having a computer processor and memory storing computer code to execute a drug specific app with a plurality of modules wherein the interface device has internet communication capability and is selected from the group consisting of a smart phone, a computer, or a tablet computer wherein the smart phone, the computer or the tablet computer are in communication with a separate drug dispenser device, or wherein the interface device is a standalone tamper-resistant drug dispenser device having a computer processor and memory storing computer code to execute the drug specific app with a plurality of modules, and (b) at least one digital data capture device and/or at least one RFID drug chip; wherein the drug specific app is assigned to a specific patient; (ii) a biometric authentication module to authenticate the patient and to ensure digitally captured data is from the patient; (iii) a prescription module comprising a prescription for the patient; (iv) an application program interface (API) (a) between the separate drug dispenser device and the smart phone, the computer or the tablet computer to link the drug dispenser device to the drug specific app, or (b) in the standalone drug dispenser device to link it to the drug specific app; (v) one or more APIs between (a) the interface device and one or more digital data capture devices, and/or (b) the interface device and one or more RFID drug chips; (vi) a drug specific dispensing algorithm module; and (vii) an interface device database module, comprising digitally-captured or patient-entered patient values, drug information, and dispensing-related information; wherein the system utilizes information selected from the group consisting of prescription information, drug dispenser device information, patient self-assessment information, digitally captured physiological, psychological, lifestyle information, information of medications administered to the patient, environmental data information, and combinations thereof, wherein the system captures such information before, during or after each drug dispensing and which is utilized by the drug specific diagnostic algorithm to decide if the separate or standalone drug dispenser device should dispense the drug or preclude dispensing and stay locked even in circumstances when the prescribed dose would have otherwise been allowed by the prescription, thereby preventing dose-mediated adverse events; and wherein the drug specific diagnostic algorithm further utilizes symptom data obtained from the patient regarding the patient's symptoms and, based on the symptom data, decides if the separate or standalone drug dispenser device should dispense the drug or preclude dispensing and stay locked even in circumstances when the prescribed dose would have otherwise been allowed by the prescription, thereby preventing dose-mediated adverse events.
 125. The method of claim 124, wherein the symptoms analyzed by the drug specific diagnostic algorithm are selected from the group consisting of pupil size, level of pain, stool and bowel movement information, respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation, pulse, heart rhythm, blood pressure, gait, muscle spasms, and skin temperature.
 126. The method of claim 124, wherein the drug cassette comprises an opioid.
 127. The method of claim 124, wherein the drug specific dispensing algorithm automatically handshakes with the separate or standalone drug dispenser device and the one or more digital capture devices.
 128. The method of claim 124, wherein the drug specific dispensing algorithm downloads data captured by the one or more digital capture devices to the interface device.
 129. The method of claim 124, wherein the app checks a serial number of the separate or standalone drug dispenser device to ensure it is authorized to interface with the app.
 130. The method of claim 124, wherein the app checks the expiration date of the drug.
 131. The method of claim 124, wherein the app checks the storage temperature history to ensure the drug has been stored within a specific temperature range.
 132. The method of claim 124, wherein the app checks the storage humidity history to ensure the drug has been stored within an authorized humidity range.
 133. The method of claim 124, wherein the app retrieves drug information from the separate or standalone drug dispenser device.
 134. The method of claim 124, wherein the app is designed to receive alerts of unauthorized attempts to open the separate or standalone drug dispenser device.
 135. The method of claim 124, wherein the app stores a drug's prescription and dosing schedule.
 136. The method of claim 124, wherein the app reminds the patient to take his/her medication and after a specific period of time alerts the integrated support center and/or authorized care givers that the patient has not taken his/her medication.
 137. The method of claim 124, wherein the app is designed to automatically handshake with the patient's digital diagnostic, monitoring and/or tracking devices.
 138. The method of claim 124, wherein the app presents drug specific patient self-assessment and/or data input screen(s).
 139. The method of claim 124, wherein the app maintains a database of patient responses captured by self-assessment and/or data input screen(s) and digitally captured values.
 140. The method of claim 124, wherein the interface device is a smart phone.
 141. The method of claim 124, wherein the app allows the patient to click on a screen to automatically call the integrated support center.
 142. The method of claim 124, wherein the app records all unsuccessful attempts to dispense a dose earlier than prescribed.
 143. The method of claim 124, wherein the app has reporting routines that allow the patient to request certain reports created using the patient self-assessment, digital captured information, drug cassette information, and/or dosing information to ascertain if the drug is efficacious for the patient and the effect that dosing has on the patient's condition and/or symptoms.
 144. The method of claim 124, wherein the app effectuates a handshake with the integrated support center's computers.
 145. The method of claim 124, wherein the app downloads the patient's drug related dispensing information, comprising drug dispenser, patient self-assessment, or digitally captured information into the patient's records in the integrated support center's database.
 146. The method of claim 124, wherein the app allows the patient to request specific drug related information stored in the app.
 147. The method of claim 124, wherein the app allows the patient to request specific reports or information stored on the integrated support center's servers.
 148. The method of claim 124, wherein the app allows the patient to correct responses entered in prior screens before dispensing the medication.
 149. The method of claim 124, wherein the app contains a copy of or enables access to a patient app and drug dispenser operations training and troubleshooting manual.
 150. The method of claim 124, wherein the app further comprises a GPS module to record the patient's location to ascertain where the patient is when the medication is dispensed.
 151. The method of claim 124, wherein the drug dispenser device comprises an integrated drug cassette or a replaceable drug cassette.
 152. The method of claim 127, wherein the drug specific dispensing algorithm prompts the patient self-assessment module to ask the patient one or more questions about his/her condition.
 153. The drug dispensing system according to claim 124, wherein the drug dispenser device further comprises a replaceable drug cassette and wherein the app further comprises a security system to limit the ability to change the replaceable drug cassette to an authorized medical professional. 